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| ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological
Science
January 2013 | Vol. 8 No. 1 |
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Title: |
Study
effect of IBA hormone levels on rooting in micro cuttings of
tea (camellia sinensis L) |
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Author (s): |
Sirous
Bidarigh and Ebrahim Azarpour |
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Abstract: |
There has been a steady demand for production
and supply of cuttings of different varieties for tea
gardens in Iran. In order to study the effect of
indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) hormone levels (0, 0. 1; 0.5, 1
and 3 mg/L) on rooting in micro cuttings of tea (Camellia
sinensis L.), an experiment as RCBD with four replications
was conducted during 2010 at Research Laboratory of Faculty
of Agriculture, Lahijan University in Iran. The culture bed
was contained MS, sucrose (3%) and agar (75%). The results
show that IBA hormone levels on root length and root number
in micro cuttings of tea had a significant difference in 1 %
probability level. The highest root length (17.22 mm) and
root number (4.93) in micro cuttings of tea were obtained
with application 1mg/L IBA. The lowest root length (3.17 mm)
and root number (0.68) in micro cuttings of tea were
obtained with application 0mg/L IBA. |
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Title: |
Effect of
amaranth: maize flour ratio on the quality and acceptability
of ugali and porridge (Kenyan cereal staples) |
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Author (s): |
Violet K.
Mugalavai |
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Abstract: |
Food and nutrition security is
a major global concern, especially in the developing
countries. Currently, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa
depend on a narrow base of food, a situation which minimizes
variety in food production and contributes to insecurity in
food and nutrition. This situation can be highly improved by
considering highly nutritious crops that have domestication
potential, such as the amaranth grain, which is richer in
protein and other mineral elements when compared to commonly
consumed cereal grains. The amaranth grain is currently a
highly ignored crop, and yet it is very easy to grow, and
its survival in harsh conditions also guarantees its yield.
In this paper, the knowledge that the Kenyan North Rift
farmer and consumer has of the amaranth grain plant was
established in a survey. Literature sources were used to lay
out the nutritive value of the amaranth grain, and nutrition
education relayed to 250 randomly sampled consumers and
farmers, so as to justify the need for its adoption as a
cash/food crop. The functional properties (cook paste and
water absorption) and culinary characteristics (colour,
texture, flavour) of commonly consumed products (ugali
and porridge) which were made in varying treatments
of amaranth flour: maize meal flour (100:00; 80:20; 70:30;
60:40; 50:50) was determined. Data were managed using SPSS
version 18. The survey results established that the
knowledge that the farmer and consumer had on the amaranth
grain was minimal. Time taken for the samples to turn
viscous reduced with increasing amounts of amaranth flour,
which also took the least time and lowest temperature to
form a stable gel. The porriber and ugaber
composites with high amounts of amaranth grain flour (80:20)
were the most acceptable, and from the nutritional point,
the most nutritious. Increased nutritional awareness,
production and consumption of grain amaranth products may be
the way to better food and nutrition security. |
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Title: |
Role of
soil seed bank in pattern of species distribution along the
aridity gradient by using the technique of multivariate
analysis |
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Author (s): |
Allah
Bakhsh Gulshan, Altaf Ahmad Dasti Seema Mahmood,
Sabir Hussain and Imran Atta |
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Abstract: |
Floristic composition and diversity of weed
infestation depend at least in part on the soil seed bank in
agro-ecosystems. The results in this investigation of soil
seed bank, total 1269 seedlings from 34 species emerged from
the 180 soil samples cores of varying depths ranges from
0-30cm. The application of the classification to ordination
suggested that up ground weed vegetation depends under the
preservation of soil seed bank and some extent to crop
specific. This study provides a protocol that both
classification and ordination are able to delimit the seed
bank of weed communities according to their habitats. Such
analysis should improve the way complex data analysis and
patterns are interpreted. The distribution pattern of the
species along the DCA axes 1 and 2 showed a very complex
pattern and is hardly interpreted. However, on the first
axis, species communities in rain fed form lands, such as
Aerua persica, Calotropis procera, Citrullus colocynthes
and Heliotropium strigossum are clustered at lower
score end of DCA axis. High score end is occupied by the
species occur in canal fid fields. On the second axis,
species like Conyza bonariensis, Phyla nodiflora, and
Polygonum plebejum (belong to association D) have high
value than those that occur in Indus valley (association B).
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Title: |
Evaluation of the effect of ms medium levels on rooting in
micro cuttings of tea (camellia sinensis L) under in-vitro
culture condition |
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Author (s): |
Sirous
Bidarigh and Ebrahim Azarpour |
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Abstract: |
Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.)]
is one of the most important beverage crops in the Iran.
There has been a steady demand for production and supply of
cuttings of different varieties for tea gardens in Iran. In
order to study the effects of MS medium levels (full MS,
half MS and redundancy MS) with 1mg/L indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA) hormone on rooting in micro cuttings of tea, an
experiment as RCBD with four replications was conducted
during 2010 at Research Laboratory of Faculty of
Agriculture, Lahijan University in Iran. The culture bed
were contained MS levels (full MS, half MS and redundancy
MS), 1mg/L IBA hormone, sucrose (3%) and agar (75%). The
results show that MS medium levels with IBA hormone on root
length and root number in micro cuttings of tea had a
significant difference in 1 % probability level. The highest
root length (17.22 mm) and root number (4.93) in micro
cuttings of tea were obtained with application redundancy MS
medium (25% macro element) and 1mg/L IBA. The lowest root
length (3.17 mm) and root number (0.68) in micro cuttings of
tea were obtained with application full MS medium (25% macro
element) and 1mg/L IBA. |
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Title: |
Genesis
of argillic and calcic horizons in some northern Iraqi soils |
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Author (s): |
Ahmad S.
Muhaimeed, S. N. Aziz and I M. Amin |
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Abstract: |
Two study sites were selected in Northern
Iraq under different climatic conditions. The first site
Located in Ibraheemawa city-Al Sulaemini Governotrate lies
within Zagroz mountain physiographic unit, in folds zone
formed from limestone during Miocene period. The climate of
this region is sub humid with mean annual rain fall, more
than 1300 mm/year and mean annual temperature 18.7C. The
second site located in Saleemawa city at Dalia Governa tore
lies within foot hill physiographic unit formed from lime
stone parent rock during the Miocene period and under
semiarid climatic conditions with mean annual rain fall 360
mm/year and mean annual temperature 24.3C. Two pedons within
each site were exposed and described and sampled for
laboratory analysis. The results of morphological, physical
and chemical properties of the studied pedons indicated Some
differences between soils of the two regions due mainly to
the effect of climatic conditions and the nature of parent
material studied soils show some variation in the amount and
distribution pattern of soil components with depth. Soils
pedons in Ibraheemawa show a greater degree of soil
development reflected by thick mollic epipedod with thick
Argillic horizons, lower content of calcium carbonate,
soluble salts with high conent of total clay, fine clay and
silt. The studied soils were classified as Mollisols and
Aridisols in the two regions respectively. |
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Title: |
Increasing irrigation efficiency by management strategies:
cutback and surge irrigation |
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Author (s): |
Mohammad
Valipour |
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Abstract: |
Increasing irrigation efficiency always has
been one of the main concerns of experts and farmers. In
previous researches, many methods have been proposed to
achieve this purpose. But in surface irrigation farmers
often received themselves required water in specified time
(cutoff time) and the limited amount (input discharge).
Thus, not all methods that increase irrigation efficiency
are applicable. If the cutoff time to be constant only input
discharge is a parameter that by reducing it using
management practices farmers are able to increase irrigation
efficiency. In this study, using different types of inflow
regimes include continuous flow, cutback, fixed surge, and
variable surge, increasing irrigation efficiency examined in
border irrigation. Obtained results from performed
simulation using SIRMOD software showed that cutback and
surge irrigation methods were able to increasing irrigation
efficiency to the amount of 11.66% and 28.37%, respectively.
Farmers according to the limitation of inflow regime choice
can identify the best amount of input discharge to achieve
maximum of irrigation efficiency. |
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Title: |
Study
effects of several sucker controllers application with
different concentration on yield of Virginia tobacco
(cultivar male sterility pvh19) |
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Author (s): |
Reza
khosravi Danesh, Seyyed Mustafa Sadeghi, Majid Ashouri,
Mehdi Ranjbar Choubeh and Ebrahim Azarpour |
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Abstract: |
For study effects of several
sucker controller usage with different concentrations in
increasing yield of Virginia tobacco (cultivar male
sterility PVH19) in order to determination of the best
controlling method for suckers in this plant an experiment
in Randomized complete block design with three replications
in Bodian village (Rasht township) in 2011 farming year was
conducted. The studied treatments in this research were
consisting of 14 levels of different chemicals suckers’
controller (fatty alcohol, prime plus) with different
concentrations (15 and 20 cc) and different application
times (10 and 14 days). Measured traits in this study were
consisting of fresh leaf yield, leaf width, stem diameter
and number of leaves per plant. Results of experiment showed
that, the effect of applied treatments on traits of leaf
width and stem diameter was significant at 1% probability
level, also on fresh leaf yield at 5% probability level. But
on number of leaves per plant was non significant. The
highest yield of fresh leaf was recorded from topping on
button stage and two times spraying with prime plus 125 EC
(15 cc for each plant) with time interval of 14 days (41730
kg/ha). |
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Title: |
The
productive performance of local chickens in three ecological
zones of Ghana |
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Author (s): |
J.K
Hagan, M Bosompem and Akpor I |
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Abstract: |
A survey was carried out in three
agro-ecological zones (coastal savannah, rain forest and
guinea savannah) of Ghana to find out the productive
performance of local chickens. A total of 180 local chicken
keepers (60 each from the three zones) were randomly
selected with the help of the Agricultural Extension Agents
in the zones. Data were collected through the administration
of pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires, direct
observations and measurements of productivity indices. Data
collected included clutch sizes, number of clutches per
year, egg production per year with and without hatching, age
at sexual maturity, flock size and composition, hatchability
and chick survival rates. Egg and body weights of birds were
measured. Results obtained showed an average flock size per
household of 17.5, 24.3 and 11.7 for the coastal, forest and
savannah zones respectively, with an estimated inbreeding
coefficient of 0.04. The mean clutch number was 3.0 with a
clutch size of 12.8 eggs. The local birds were found to
reach sexual maturity at 5.7 and 6.4 months for cocks and
hens respectively. The annual egg production with hatching
was 38 eggs with an egg size of 41.3g and 84.5% hatchability
rate. The birds were found to be reared under the
traditional extensive system with little or no care.
Diseases (Newcastle), predation and theft were found to be
the main causes of loss of bird or reduction in flock size.
It is advocated that extra effort in the management and
improvement of local chickens in the areas of housing,
breeding, feeding and health care can go a long way to
improve the productive performance of local chickens in
Ghana. |
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Title: |
Evaluation effect of BA hormone levels of poinsettia under
in-vitro culture condition |
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Author (s): |
Sirous
Bidarigh and Ebrahim Azarpour |
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Abstract: |
In order to study the effects of BA hormone
levels (0, 0, 01, 0.1, 3, 5 and 10 mg/L) in vitro culture of
poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima wild), an experiment as
RCBD with four replications was conducted during 2010 at
Research Laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, Lahijan
University in Iran. The culture bed was contained MS,
sucrose (3%) and agar (75%). The results show that BA
hormone levels on shoot length in vitro culture of
poinsettia had a significant difference in 1 % probability
level. The highest shoot length in vitro culture of
poinsettia was obtained with application 3mg/L BA hormone
(8.57 mm). The lowest shoot length in vitro culture of tea
was obtained with application 0 mg/L BA hormone (4.28 mm). |
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Title: |
An
assessment of vulnerability to poverty in rural Nigeria
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Author (s): |
M. A.
Agbaje, F. Y. Okunmadewa, B. T. Omomona and O. A. Oni |
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Abstract: |
Poverty is a serious challenge
in Nigeria especially in the rural area and it has been
intractable because policies and programmes in the country
are based on static poverty analysis. For effectiveness of
policies and programmes on poverty, a forward looking
approach-vulnerability to poverty, should be adopted, hence
this study. This study investigated the vulnerability to
poverty across in rural Nigeria, using the 2004 NLSS data.
The result of the 3-Stage Feasible Generalized Least Squares
showed that at the standard vulnerability threshold of 0.5,
62.2% of rural households were vulnerable to poverty.
Vulnerability to poverty was higher in northern zones and
lower in the southern zones. Male headed households (59.8%)
were more vulnerable to poverty than their female
counterpart (43.9%). For every 100 households that were
poor, 12 more will be poor in future in south, 11 more in
households with heads without formal education, 8 more in
farming households and 6 more in male headed households.
Consumption variance index was consistently higher among
non-farming households (0.0301), female headed households
(0.0403) and those with primary education (0.0327). Mean
consumption index was lower among farming households
(0.0274), male headed households (0.0274), those with no
formal education (0.0237) and those with household size
greater than 20 (0.0168). |
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Title: |
Comparative efficacy of herbicides on yield and yield
components of wheat (triticum aestivum L) |
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Author (s): |
Muhammad
Farooq Khalil, Gul Hassan, Gulzar Ahmad, Sajjad Anwar and
Sajid Khan |
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Abstract: |
To find out the comparative
efficacy of herbicides on yield and yield components of
wheat (triticum aestivum L.) an experiment was
conducted at Cereal Crops Research Institute (CCRI) Pirsabak,
Nowhshera during the winter season 2006-07. The experiment
was comprised of 6 herbicides plus hand weeding and weedy
check plots. The herbicidal treatments were the
post-emergence application of Affinity 50 WDG (carnfentrazone
ethyl + isoproturon) @ 0.016, Buctril super (bromoxynil
octanovate + heptanovate ester) @ 1.23, Puma super 75 EW (fenoxaprop-p-ethyl)
@ 0.94, Topik 15 WP (clodinafop propargyl) @ 0.04, Topik 15
WP + Buctril super 60 EC (fenoxaprop-p-ethyl+ bromoxynil
octanovate + heptanovate ester) @ 0.04 +1.23, Puma super 75
EW + Buctril super 60 EC (fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + bromoxynil
octanovate + heptanovate ester) @ 0.94 + 1.23 kg a.i ha-1,
while hand weeding was performed three times in the
respective treatments. The data were recorded on weed
density m-2 30 days after treatment, number of
tillers plant-1, number of grains spike-1,
1000 grain weight (g), biological yield (t ha-1)
and grain yield (t ha-1). For effective weeds
controlling Affinity 50 WDG proved to be the best treatment
with minimum weed density after treatment 33 weeds m-2
was observed in plots treated with Affinity 50 WDG while;
maximum weed densities were recorded in weedy check plot
with 117 weeds m-2. Similarly the maximum grain
yield of 4.072 t ha-1 was recorded in Affinity
plot followed by hand weeding plot and the plot sprayed with
the mixture of Buctril super + Puma super with grain yield
of 3.773 t ha-1 and 3.483 t ha-1
respectively. A minimum grain yield of 1.603 t ha-1
was recorded in weedy check plots. Affinity was also proved
to be effective in other parameters like spikes m-2
(484), number of grains spike-1 (52) and 1000
grain weight (36 g). In the light of this study the
herbicide Affinity 50WDG followed by the mixture of Buctril
super + Puma super provided better results for the control
of weeds in the wheat crop. |
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Title: |
Effects
of planting date and cultivar on the yield and yield
components of soybean in north of Iran |
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Author (s): |
Seyyed
Mustafa Sadeghi and Seyyed Ali Noorhosseini Niyaki |
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Abstract: |
In order to
study the effect planting date and cultivar on yield and
yield components of soybean, an experiment was conducted for
two seasons (2009-2010) at kateshal research station,
Lahijan, northern Iran. Three cultivars, Hill, Sahar and Zan
were sown on four sowing dates of Apr 20, Apr 30, May 10 and
May 20 during the two consecutive crop seasons. The design
was a split-plot replicated three times with sowing date as
main plots and cultivar as sub-plots. Data were collected on
number of pods per plant, seeds number of main stem pods,
pod length, maturity period duration, oil percent, protein
percent, 1000- seed weight and seed yield. Mean comparison
had been done by Duncan’s test that showed there were
significant differences among means of traits at different
planting date treatments. Also, there were significant
differences among interaction of date of planting and
cultivars for all traits at 1% level. The data were analyzed
statistically, which showed that the cultivars with early
sowing produced gave higher yield and quality as compared to
the late sowing date. The results revealed that higher
numbers of pods per plant and seeds number of main stem pods
were produced by April 30 and Sahar cultivar. Similarly
maximum seed yield (4176.09kg ha-1 and 3219.96 kg ha-1) were
produced by Apr 20, Sahar and Apr 30, Sahar, respectively. |
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Title: |
Study
effect of BA hormone levels on length shoot in-vitro culture
of tea (camellia sinensis L) |
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Author (s): |
Sirous
Bidarigh and Ebrahim Azarpour |
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Abstract: |
Tea or Camellia sinensis (L.) is an important
commercial crop generating employment for a large number of
people. It is a popular beverage crop having medicinal,
anti-oxidative and antimicrobial properties. Although the
genus Camellia has many species, only C. sinensis (L.) and
its different cultivars are commercially important. In order
to study the effect of benzyladenine (BA) hormone levels (0,
0.01; 0.1, 3, 5 and 10 mg/L) of in vitro culture of tea
(Camellia sinensis L.), an experiment as RCBD with four
replications was conducted during 2010 at Research
Laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, Lahijan University in
Iran. The culture bed was contained MS, sucrose (3%) and
agar (75%). The results show that BA hormone levels on shoot
length in vitro culture of tea had a significant difference
in 1 % probability level. The highest shoot length in vitro
culture of tea was obtained with application 3mg/L BA
hormone (9.50 mm). The lowest shoot length in vitro culture
of tea was obtained with application 0mg/L BA hormone (4.20
mm). |
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Title: |
Urban
agriculture livelihoods and household food security: a case
of Eldoret, Kenya |
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Author (s): |
Mugalavai
Violet Kadenyeka, David Omutimba and Nyakecho Harriet |
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Abstract: |
One of the aims of the MDGs is
to halve the world’s poor population with an income of less
than one dollar a day as well as those who suffer from
hunger (Mougeot, 2005). By 2015-2020, more than half of the
world’s population will be living in urban and peri-urban
areas. One common livelihood that the poor venture into is
Urban Agriculture (UA) which involves the production,
processing and selling of livestock, poultry and
horticultural produce and products due to the immediate
monetary gains and the necessity for a quick source of food.
The main objective of this study was to determine the
socio-economic characteristics of low-income horticultural
food producers and sellers (HFPS) and how this affects their
livelihoods and household food security. An exploratory
survey design was used to examine the diverse manifestations
brought by the interface between the livelihoods of HFPS.
The study integrated the livelihood framework to examine the
respondents’ socio-economic characteristics and the
resultant food security status of their households.
Non-probability sampling was used to get 110 producers and
110 sellers. The study used both quantitative and
qualitative research methods. Quantitative data was analyzed
using SPSS (15.0) software whereas qualitative data was
triangulated into the discussions of the quantitative
findings. The results revealed that the current
infrastructure is not conducive for sustainable UA
practices, which affects the interactive livelihoods and
household food security of HFPS. A synergy of stakeholders
should to engage in serious working partnerships in
developing sustainable and contextual pro-poor
infrastructure for enhanced UA livelihoods, in order to
stimulate growth and increase efficiency, productivity,
employment and generate better returns for the poor. |
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