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| ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological
Science
April 2012 | Vol. 7 No. 4 |
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Title: |
Role of soil texture and depths on the
emergence of buried weed seeds |
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Author (s): |
Allah
Bakhsh Gulshan and Altaf Ahmad Dasti |
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Abstract: |
Glass house pot experiment was performed to test the effect
of soil texture and depths on the emergence of seeds of
various weeds grow in the fields of wheat. Seeds of
different weed species were sown in three different depths
(2cm, 4cm and 6cm) of both sandy loam and clay loam textured
soil. Pots were fully labeled according to type of species,
soil textured class, sowing depths and replicates wise. Pots
were placed in the glasshouse in a completely randomized
block design. From this study, Avena fatua L. and
Vicia sativa L. showed significantly more germination
i.e., 46±3.69, 48±3.85 respectively than the remaining four
other types of weed seeds. The lowest germination i.e.,
20±1.59 was found in the case of Galium aparine L.
There were also observed that seed germination (P<000*)
significantly decreased with the increase of seed sowing
depth. Increasing the depth more and more, decreasing the
germination of seeds, because deep sowing seeds were under
the less pressure of oxygen, which is very important for the
vital activities of seeds. Sandy loam texture soil was best
for maximum germination of seeds (P<000*). The aim of
experiment was to investigate the suitability of various
species seeds under the soil texture and seed sowing depth.
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Title: |
Culture of the entomopathogenic
nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) on artificial
media |
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Author (s): |
P.
Somwong and J. Petcharat |
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Abstract: |
In this study entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser)
(Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and symbiotic bacteria
Xenorhabdus nematophila were reared on four different
culture media. Media number 1 contained 45% of dog food, 50%
of water and 5% of lard. Media
number 2 contained 6% of powdered fish, 85.56% of water and
8.44% of lard. Media number 3 contained 8.75% of silkworm
pupa, 85.16% of water and 6.09% of lard and media number 4
in vivo cultures, which were the last instar larvae of the
Spodoptera litura. Results showed that the infective
juveniles nematode rearing from medium I, II, III and IV
yielded 3.04x105,
2.445105,
2.989105
and 5.547105
IJs/gram medium, respectively. The average body width of the
infective juveniles rearing from medium I, II, III and IV
were 25.33±1.24,
26.17±1.98,
25.40±1.75
and 24.85±1.73 ,
respectively.
The average body length of the infective juveniles rearing
from medium I, II, III and IV were 536.45±31.97,
579.85±23.91 ,
572.39±31.57 and
554.57±37.06 respectively.
The nematode penetration rate into S. litura larvae
within 48 hrs. were 5.58%, 4.30%, 5.70% and 5.76%
respectively. The percent mortality of S. litura
larvae tested with infective juveniles within 24 and 48 hrs.
By the nematode reared from medium I, II, III, and IV were
36%, 24%, 38% and 40% and 64, 76, 62, and 60%, respectively. |
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Title: |
Study effects of nitrogen fertilizer
management under nano iron chelate foliar spraying on yield
and yield components of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) |
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Author (s): |
Hamid Reza Bozorgi |
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Abstract: |
A field experiment was
conducted during growing season of 2011 in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh
Township (north of Iran), to investigate the application of
nitrogen fertilizer and nano iron chelate fertilizer on
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Factors of
experiment was consist of nano iron chelate fertilizer
foliar spraying in three levels (I1: control
(without foliar spraying of nano iron chelate fertilizer), I2:
1 g/L and I3: 2 g/L foliar spraying) and nitrogen
fertilizer management with four levels (N1: control (without
nitrogen fertilizer application), N2: 30 kg/ha, N3: 60 kg/ha
and N4: 90 kg/ha pure nitrogen from source of urea (46% pure
nitrogen)). In maturity time, fruit yield, number of fruits
per plant, plant height, number of branches per plant, fruit
length and fruit width were measured. Application of
nitrogen and iron fertilizer showed significant effects on
all studied traits at 1% probability level. Interaction
effect of nitrogen and iron on fruit yield, number of fruits
per plant, plant height and number of branches per plant
showed significant differences at 5% probability level.
Between nitrogen treatments, application of 60 kg/ha
nitrogen and between nano iron treatments, foliar spraying
of 2 g/L nano iron chelate respectively with 34.63 and 38.03
ton/ha were recorded the highest fruit yield between other
treatments in this study. |
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Title: |
Probability measurement to estimate
forest tree diversity using IRS - p6 satellite images in
Caspian broad leaved forests |
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Author (s): |
Mir Mozaffar Fallah Chai, Shohreh Bayat
and Seyed
Armin Hashemi |
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Abstract: |
In this study, the
ability of LISSIII sensor data of IRS-P6 satellite to
estimate species diversity of woody plant species of forest
was studied in Gombol forests in Lahijan. Ground
informations were collected through selective sampling with
sample plots of 900 m2 area. Geometric conformity
was performed using 20 ground control points and mean root
error of 0.32 in x axis and 0.37 in y axis. Chavez model was
used for atmospheric correction of data. Shannon - veiner
species diversity was used to study the species diversity.
Amount of this index was calculated for each plot. Then
amounts of spectral values for each sample plot were
extracted in different bands. Best subset regression was
used to analyze the relationship between species diversity
and mentioned bands. Results of regression indicated that
studied polynomilal equations as independent variables could
estimate species diversity of trees and shrubs better than
other bands or compositions (R2 = 0.449). Results
indicate relatively low ability of IRS-P6 satellite data to
estimate tree and shrub species diversity in study area. |
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Title: |
Confirm
the status of VCG Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense in west
Sumatera Indonesia |
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Author (s): |
Riska, Jumjunidang and Catur
Hermanto |
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Abstract: |
The objective of the
experiment was to confirm the status VCGs of Foc in
West Sumatera by identifying of Fusarium oxysporum f.
sp. cubense isolates with Vegetative Compatibility
Group test. A total 47 isolates of Foc
were Indonesian Tropical Fruits Research Institute
collection that preserved in paper sterile technique.
Isolation, isolate purification and VCG analysis were held
at Pest and Disease Laboratory of Indonesian Tropical Fruit
Research Institute and Department of Primary Industry, Plant
Pathology Section, Indooroopili, Australia and started from
Juli 2008 until December 2009. The testers of VCGs used were
from Australia, namely:
VCG 0120, VCG 0120/15, VCG 01215, VCG 0123,
VCG 0124, VCG 0124/5, VCG 0125, VCG 0126, VCG 0128, VCG
01211, VCG 01213, VCG 01213/16, VCG 01216, VCG 01219 and VCG
01220. The results showed that
A total of 47 isolates of Foc collection from West
Sumatra grouped into five VCG (01213/16, 0121, 01219, 01218
and 0120) and seven isolates are unknown VCGs. A total of 13
varieties were attacked by Foc are Raja/AAB, Raja
serai/AAB, Buai/AAA, P. panjang/AAB, Barangan/AAA, Ambon
kuning/AAA, Ambon hijau/AAA, Rejang/AAw, Jantan/AAB, Kepok/ABB/BBB,
Manih/AA, Cavendish/AAA, siem/ABB and Mas kirana./AA total
of 28 isolates (59,5%) grouped into VCG 01213/16 (TR4),
attacked 11 varieties of bananas (Raja/AAB, Raja serai/AAB,
Buai/AAA, Panjang/AAB, Barangan/AAA, Ambon kuning/AAA, Ambon
hijau/AAA, Rejang/AAw, Jantan/AAB, Kepok/ABB/BBB, and Mas
kirana/AA). |
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Title: |
Determination of energy balance and energy indices in wheat
production under watered farming in north of Iran |
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Author (s): |
Ebrahim
Azarpour |
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Abstract: |
One way to evaluation of
sustainable developing in agriculture is using of energy
flow method. This method in an agricultural product system
is the energy consuming in product operations and energy
saving in produced crops. In this article, evaluation of
energy balance and energy indices under watered farming
wheat in north of Iran (Guilan province) was investigated.
Data were collected from 72 farms by used a face to face
questionnaire method during 2011 year in Guilan province. By
using of consumed data as inputs and total production as
output, and their concern equivalent energy, energy balance
and energy indices were calculated. Energy efficiency
(energy output to input energy ratio) for seed and straw in
this study were calculated 2.47 and 2.48 respectively,
showing the affective use of energy in the agro ecosystems
wheat production. Energy balance efficiency (production
energy to consumption energy ratio) for seed and straw in
this study were calculated 1.50 and 1.29 respectively,
showing the affective use of energy in the agro ecosystems
wheat production. |
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Title: |
Role of
religious education on decreasing environmental destruction
trend at Guilan province, Iran |
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Author (s): |
Mohammad
Sadegh Allahyari and Seyed Ali Noorhosseini |
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Abstract: |
Human attitudes towards environment, to a
great extent, result from human's being affected by
celestial cultures, as one of the critical issues. Islam, as
a religion that is beyond time and place, is able to meet
all human needs at all eras and contains perfect contents,
trainings and strategies about how to face and how be
consistent with environmental phenomenon. Assessing
different texts and documents of Islam represent existence
of specific attitudes along with environmental and natural
resources. The current study was undertaken in order to
assess religious education on decreasing environmental
destruction trends in Guilan province. Thus, some of the
university's religious experts and seminaries of Guilan
province were interviewed. We used this statistical method
in order to analyze represented responses, since
multi-response analysis is a good technique to analyze data
resulting from open questions. Results showed that thoughts
taken from Islam plays have important roles in keeping with
the environment. In this regard, most important presented
cases, by experts, were: considering consumption savings,
identifying human rights and considering public resources,
responsibility and management taken from religion in
relation with surroundings, recognizing moral and religious
values, futurism, considering next and future generations,
love of god and thanksgiving, and also keeping God’s gifts,
considering religious utterances, emphasizing violence
decrease in religious education and its effects on
environmental protection, importance given to Health and
cleansing by Islam. |
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Title: |
Pre-planting treatments for management of banana fusarium
wilt |
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Author (s): |
Catur Hermanto, Eliza, I. Djatnika, Deni Emilda, Mujiman and Subhana |
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Abstract: |
Fusarium wilt is one of major constraints
of Indonesian banana production. Land management before
planting was
objected to reduce Fusarium
inocula in the soil and wilt incidence, and improve banana
growth. Research has been conducted from 2005 to 2007 at
Aripan experimental farm, where was naturally-heavily
infested by tropical race 4 of F. oxysporum f.sp.
cubense. Experiment was arranged in
a
randomized block design with four
replications. Treatments were 1) solarization: plots were
covered with transparent polyethylene plastic for 10 months,
2) rotation with maize: plots were planted with two periods
of maize, 3) bare: no crop for 10 months, and 4) control:
continuous planting of banana. Maize rotation and baring
condition reduced Fusarium population in the soil, but could
not escape from fusarium wilt of banana. Continuous planting
of banana retained
the population of fusarium in the soil. Solarization
increased soil temperature until 52.35oC, which
consequently suppressed Fusarium population in the soil, and
reduced
fusarium wilt incidence on banana. Fusarium wilt emerged at
three months after planting on plot previously rotated with
two periods of maize, bare for 10 months, and continuous
planting of banana, while solarization
was
able to delay the disease emergence until six
months. The first-three treatments resulted in logarithmic
trend of disease development and reached peak at six months
after planting, while the last treatment performed linier
development until the end of observation. Among the
treatments, solarization was the only treatment that
produced yield. |
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Title: |
Re-evaluation of the relationships within some Egyptian
species of soil cyanobacteria |
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Author (s): |
A. D. El-Gamal,
E. A. Kamel, N. A. E. Ghanem and Ehab F. Shehata |
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Abstract: |
In the present work, morphological and
ecological characteristics of three Egyptian Cyanophyceae
genera; Oscillatoria (five species), Lyngbya
(three species) and Anabaena (three species) were
analyzed using numerical taxonomic system of multivariate
statistical program. Data
were
analyzed by
clustering method and similarity coefficients using NTSYSpc
version
2.02i. Three
different phenograms were produced for the studied genera
and the relationships between the species were
discussed. |
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Title: |
Assessment of heavy metal pollution from the industrial dust
on the reforestation of pine (Pinus halipensis Mill)
in the Tell Setif |
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Author (s): |
Tedjar
Lamri, Kaabeche Mohamed, Djirar Nacer and Bouharathi Saddek |
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Abstract: |
The present work aims to
analyze heavy metals in the cones, bark and needles of
Aleppo pine in 05 stations in the area of Ain El Kebira in
order to evaluate pollution level and impact on
reforestation. Analysis of heavy metals showed that the
concentration of lead rose to 1.61 mg/l at the station of
the BCR which is above the accepted international standards
of 1mg / l. Fe concentrations are at the upper limit of the
WHO standards of 1.5 mg / l at the station on the edge of
the forest ranging from 1.03 to 1.65mg/l against the cement
between 1.36 and 2.21 mg / l and the BCR between 1.31 and
2.19 mg / l are the most polluted. It is noted that with the
exception of the BCR is to say that the industrial zone
where the values found on analysis of copper are too high
between 1.11 and 2.59 mg/l and far exceed the required
standards set 1 mg / l. The levels of zinc at the station of
the BCR and are highest between 3.05 and 6.47 mg / l where
the required standards are 5 mg / l. We can infer from our
results that urgent care should be initiated to preserve the
national park above the Babors bordering our study area and
is ranked world reserve. |
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Title: |
Identification and distribution of Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp. Cubense isolates through analysis of vegetative
compatibility group in Lampung province, Indonesia |
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Author (s): |
Jumjunidang,
Riska and A. Soemargono |
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Abstract: |
The use of Vegetative Compatibility Group
(VCG) analysis in this study was to identify the
isolates and the distribution of Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp. cubense (Foc) as well as the infected
banana varieties. Samples of Foc isolates were
collected from the diseased banana plants in
Lampung
province. While isolating and purifying the isolates with
single spore techniques and analyzing the VCG were
performed in the laboratory. Fifteen testers of
VCGs
used were from Australia. The results revealed that 30
isolates of the pathogen Foc have been found at all
surveyed locations on 10 banana varieties. These varieties
were seven varieties of dessert bananas i.e.,
Seribu (AA), Muli (AA), Ambon Kuning, Ambon
Hijau
and Cavendish (AAA), Raja Sere and Raja
Bulu
(AAB) and three varieties of cooking bananas i.e.,
Nangka (AAB), Jantan (AAB) and Kepok
(ABB/BBB). Seventeen of these 30 isolates were VCGs 01213/16
(TR4) found in seven banana varieties. The other isolates
comprised five isolates of VCGs 0120/15 (subTR4) in three
banana varieties, three isolates of VCGs 01216 (TR4) in two
varieties, one isolate of VCG 01213 (TR4) in one variety and
four isolates of unknown VCGs in three varieties. Since VCGs
01213/16 (TR4) was the most prevalent, managing and
preventing further spread of the disease in
Lampung
province should be taken into account. |
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Title: |
Evaluation energy balance of canola production under rain
fed farming in north of Iran |
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Author (s): |
Ebrahim
Azarpour |
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Abstract: |
Energy in agriculture is important in terms
of crop production and agro processing for value adding.
Canola is one of important rapeseed that it is tilled in dry
farming systems in north of Iran. This method in an
agricultural product system is the energy consuming in
product operations and energy saving in produced crops. In
this article, evaluation of energy indices under rain fed
farming canola in north of Iran (Guilan province) was
investigated. Data were collected from 72 farms by used a
face to face questionnaire method during 2011 year in Guilan
province. By using of consumed data as inputs and total
production as output, and their concern equivalent energy,
and energy indices were calculated. The average seed yield
of canola was found to be 780 kg/ha and its energy
equivalent was calculated to be 1820 MJ/ha. Energy
efficiency (energy output to input energy ratio) for seed in
this study was calculated 1.29, showing the affective use of
energy in the agro ecosystems canola production.
Nonrenewable energy was 94.48% total input energy that
concluded that canola production needs to improve the
efficiency of energy consumption in production and to employ
renewable energy. |
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Title: |
Effects
of humic acid foliar spraying and nitrogen fertilizer
management on yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
in Iran |
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Author (s): |
Maral
Moraditochaee |
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Abstract: |
In order to study effects of humic acid
foliar spraying and nitrogen fertilizer management on yield
and yield components of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).
An experiment in factorial format based on randomized
complete block design with three replications, during 2011
year in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh (north of Iran) was conducted.
Factors of experiment includes two levels of foliar humic
acid spraying (H1: 0 (control) and H2: 40 mg/l) and four
levels of nitrogen fertilizer levels consist of (n1: 0
(control), n2: 25 kg/ha, n3: 50 kg/ha, n4: 75 kg/ha pure
nitrogen from source of urea). In maturity time, seed yield,
straw yield, biological yield and harvest index were
measured. Effects of humic acid foliar spraying and nitrogen
management on all traits were significant at 1% probability
level. Interaction effect of humic acid and nitrogen
management on seed yield, straw yield and harvest index
showed significant differences at 5% probability level.
Also, on biological yield was non significant. With
attention to results of experiment, with increase nitrogen
application up to 75 kg/ha all studied traits were
increased. In all measured traits, the treatment of 40 mg/l
humic acid foliar spraying was superior. |
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