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| ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological
Science
April 2015 | Vol. 10 No. 4 |
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Title: |
Feasibility and optimization study of an hybrid continuous
variable transmission for a 4 wheel drive tractor |
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Author (s): |
Luca Piancastelli,
Leonardo Frizziero and Giampiero Donnici |
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Abstract: |
A new power split device
between the engine, the electrical motors and the drive
gears of a 4-wheel drive hybrid small tractor. The
possibility of using an active electric planetary gearbox
within a hybrid vehicle is analyzed. The planetary gearbox
is connected to the main engine and it is contrasted by a
generator in order to obtain an epicyclical continuous
variable drive for the rear wheels. The generator outputs a
continuously variable brake torque, from stall up to the
maximum tractor speed. The stall condition will obtain the
maximum reduction ratio with the annular external gear
"locked". The electric power obtained in this way is
recirculated to the front wheels to obtain an hybrid four
wheel drive transmission system. In this paper the principle
of operation of this particular hybrid vehicle is described,
as well as the design principles for the electric and
mechanical systems. |
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Title: |
Effects
of ascorbic acid on the seed germination, seedling growth
and leaf anatomy of barley under salt stress |
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Author (s): |
Kürşat
Çavuşoğlu and Göksel Bilir |
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Abstract: |
In this
work, the effects of ascorbic acid pretreatment on the seed
germination, seedling growth (coleoptile percentage, radicle
length, coleoptile length, radicle number and fresh weight)
and leaf anatomy of barley under saline conditions were
studied. In parallel with concentration rise, salt stress
inhibited the germination and seedling growth of barley
seeds. The inhibitive effect of salt on seed germination and
seedling growth was alleviated in varying degrees, and
dramatically, by ascorbic acid application. On the other
hand, it was determined that ascorbic acid affected in
different degrees on the various parameters of leaf anatomy
of barley seedlings, and this difference was statistically
important. |
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Title: |
Studies
on canola (brassica napus l.) and camelina (camelina sativa
l.) under different irrigation regimes |
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Author (s): |
Muhammad
Aown Sammar Raza, Abdul Manan Shahid, Muhammad Ijaz, Imran
Haider Khan, Muhammad Farrukh Saleem and Salman Ahmad |
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Abstract: |
To study the performance
of Canola (Brassica napus L.) and Camelina (Camelina sativa
L.) under different irrigation levels, a field experiment
was conducted on 20th of November 2013. The experiment was
laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with
split plot arrangement with four replications and a plot
size of 3 m × 5 m. In experiment, growth and yield of two
crops (V1= Canola and V2= Camelina) were compared under four
different irrigation levels (To= Control, T1= 3 irrigations,
T2= 2 irrigations, T3= 1 irrigation). Both crops were sown
by using hand drill with R × R distance of 30 cm. The growth
parameters (Plant population, Plant height , Leaf area
index, Root fresh and dry weight), yield parameters (seed
yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod,
pod length, biological yield and harvest index) and quality
parameters (Protein contents & Oil contents) were recorded
using standard procedures. The data obtained was analyzed
statistically by using Fishers analysis of variance
technique at 5% probability level. The results revealed that
camelina performed best in terms of growth and yield under
various drought levels. Quality of camelina oil was also
superior as compared to canola oil. It was concluded that
camelina was more adaptive to water deficit conditions and
produced more yield and high quality oil as compared to
canola. |
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Title: |
Effects
of nitrogen and foliar sulphur applications on the growth
and yield of two wheat varieties grown in northern Pakistan |
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Author (s): |
Yasir
Hayat, Zahid Hussain, Shad Khan Khalil, Zafar Hayat Khan,
Ikramullah, Muhammad Ali, Tariq Shah and Farooq Shah |
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Abstract: |
A research trial was
conducted at the New Developmental Research Farm of the
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar,
Pakistan, during 2008-2009. The experiment was sown at 1st
Dec. 2008 at the seed rate of 100 kg ha-1. Urea, DAP and
elemental sulphur were used as sources for Nitrogen (N),
Phosphorus (P) and Sulphur (S), respectively. Treatments
were: Factor-A: Varieties (V), i.e., V1 = Pirsabak 2005, V2
= Ghaznavi, Factor-B: N and S application (kg ha-1), i.e.,
T1 (80 kg N at sowing),T2 (140 kg N at sowing, T3 (80 kg N
at sowing and anthesis: 40+40 kg), T4 (140 kg N at sowing
and anthesis:100+40 kg), T5 (80 kg N at sowing + 20 kg S at
stem extension:), T6 (140 kg N at sowing + 20 kg S at stem
extension), T7 (80 kg N at sowing + 20 kg S at anthesis), T8
(140 kg N at sowing + 20 kg S at anthesis). The experiment
was set in randomized complete block design (RCBD).
Applications of 140 kg N ha-1 at sowing alongside
applications of 20 kg S ha-1 at anthesis was helpful in
increasing grain yields in both varieties. It was therefore
recommended that foliar S should be included as an important
input, alongside N, in the production technology of both
Pirsabak-2005 and Gaznavi varieties of the wheat crop which
are being cultivated in the Peshawar region of Pakistan. |
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Title: |
Effects
of budding methods and time intervals on bud take success in
seedless guava |
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Author (s): |
Sohail
Ahmad, Muhammad Munir Nadia Bostan and Fazal Rabi |
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Abstract: |
Two combinations of
different budding time i.e. 21st June, 11th July, 31st July
and 20th August and two different methods i.e. T-budding and
chip budding were tried to investigate their effects on bud
take success in seedless guava (safeda cultivar), at
Agriculture Research farm Jabban Dargai, Malakand Agency .
Maximum days to sprouting (213.96), budding growth (48.13
cm), was observed on 21st June, whereas maximum plant
survival (78.22%) was recorded on 11th July and maximum bud
take success (60%) was noted on 31st July. Maximum bud take
success (74.83%), plant survival (85.14%), budding growth
(50.82 cm), was noted for T-budding. Since 31st July.
T-budding showed significant results among most of the
parameters observed. Hence for better bud take success
Safeda seedling budded through T-budding on 31st July is
recommended. |
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Title: |
Effect
of density and planting row distance in Dill (Anethum
graveolens L.) on efficiency of three herbicides |
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Author (s): |
Neda
Nahvi razlighi and Mehrdad Yarnia |
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Abstract: |
Density and weeds control
are the most important farming operation in order to
enhancement of plant yield. With adoption of appropriate
density can also increase efficiency of herbicides. In this
research, the effects of different methods of weeds control
at four levels: weeding, non-weeding, use of Ronstar and
Gallant herbicides), planting row distance at three levels
(15, 20 and 25 cm) and planting density at three levels
(200, 300 and 400 plants/m2) have been studied on dill (Anethum
graveolens L.) growth and weeds competition. Usage of
Gallant herbicide had little effect on weeds control, but
application of Ronstar herbicide had favorable control on
weeds. Ronstar application at densities of 200, 300 and 400
plants/m2, decreased weeds dry weight about 34.2%, 44.1% and
50%, respectively; which the rate of decline was more severe
in broadleaf weeds. Total weeds were not impressed by
Gallant herbicide, but consumption of Ronstar herbicide
reduced 34% of the total weeds. In most of the studied
traits at Ronstar treatment, observed no significant
difference among examined densities. Nonetheless, in
treatments of Gallant application and non-weeding;
significant reduction was observed in number and growth of
weeds by increasing in plants density. Density of 400
plants/m2 had the lowest number of weeds, weeds control
method had no significant effect on most of the related
traits to weeds. The highest yield of dill with amount of
437 g/m2 was obtained in treatments of weeding and density
of 400 plants/m2. In density of 200 plants/m2, weeds control
methods had no effect on total dry weight of dill, but in
density of 300 plants/m2; treatments of weeding,
applications of Ronstar herbicide and Gallant herbicide
increased total dry weight of dill with amounts of 40.5,
24.6 and 27.6%, respectively as compared with non-weeding
treatment. In density of 200 plants/m2 treatments of
weeding, applications of Ronstar herbicide and Gallant
herbicide augmented total dry weight of dill with rates of
52.7, 17.4 and 24.8%, respectively as compared with
non-weeding treatment. According to the results of this
study, singly usage of Gallant and Ronstar herbicides does
not seem to be desirable method for weeds control in dill.
By increasing in density, more amount of dry matter was
harvested per area unit. So that with increase in density
from 200 to 400 plants at treatments of weeding,
non-weeding, usage of Ronstar and Gallant herbicides; total
dry weight of dill increased about 82, 25, 47 and 47%,
respectively. Thus, by reducing weeds competition, further
increase was obtained with increment of plant density. It
seems that, greater increase in biomass per area unit was
taken in high plant density with reduction in weeds
interference. |
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