ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science       ISSN 1990-6145
   
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             ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science             April 2015 |    Vol. 10  No. 4
 
Title:

Feasibility and optimization study of an hybrid continuous variable transmission for a 4 wheel drive tractor

Author (s): Luca Piancastelli, Leonardo Frizziero and Giampiero Donnici
Abstract:

A new power split device between the engine, the electrical motors and the drive gears of a 4-wheel drive hybrid small tractor. The possibility of using an active electric planetary gearbox within a hybrid vehicle is analyzed. The planetary gearbox is connected to the main engine and it is contrasted by a generator in order to obtain an epicyclical continuous variable drive for the rear wheels. The generator outputs a continuously variable brake torque, from stall up to the maximum tractor speed. The stall condition will obtain the maximum reduction ratio with the annular external gear "locked". The electric power obtained in this way is recirculated to the front wheels to obtain an hybrid four wheel drive transmission system. In this paper the principle of operation of this particular hybrid vehicle is described, as well as the design principles for the electric and mechanical systems.

 
       
 
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Title:

Effects of ascorbic acid on the seed germination, seedling growth and leaf anatomy of barley under salt stress

Author (s): Kürşat Çavuşoğlu and Göksel Bilir
Abstract:

In this work, the effects of ascorbic acid pretreatment on the seed germination, seedling growth (coleoptile percentage, radicle length, coleoptile length, radicle number and fresh weight) and leaf anatomy of barley under saline conditions were studied. In parallel with concentration rise, salt stress inhibited the germination and seedling growth of barley seeds. The inhibitive effect of salt on seed germination and seedling growth was alleviated in varying degrees, and dramatically, by ascorbic acid application. On the other hand, it was determined that ascorbic acid affected in different degrees on the various parameters of leaf anatomy of barley seedlings, and this difference was statistically important.

 
 
 
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Title:

Studies on canola (brassica napus l.) and camelina (camelina sativa l.) under different irrigation regimes

Author (s): Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza, Abdul Manan Shahid, Muhammad Ijaz, Imran Haider Khan, Muhammad Farrukh Saleem and Salman Ahmad
Abstract:

To study the performance of Canola (Brassica napus L.) and Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) under different irrigation levels, a field experiment was conducted on 20th of November 2013. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement with four replications and a plot size of 3 m × 5 m. In experiment, growth and yield of two crops (V1= Canola and V2= Camelina) were compared under four different irrigation levels (To= Control, T1= 3 irrigations, T2= 2 irrigations, T3= 1 irrigation). Both crops were sown by using hand drill with R × R distance of 30 cm. The growth parameters (Plant population, Plant height , Leaf area index, Root fresh and dry weight), yield parameters (seed yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, biological yield and harvest index) and quality parameters (Protein contents & Oil contents) were recorded using standard procedures. The data obtained was analyzed statistically by using Fisher’s analysis of variance technique at 5% probability level. The results revealed that camelina performed best in terms of growth and yield under various drought levels. Quality of camelina oil was also superior as compared to canola oil. It was concluded that camelina was more adaptive to water deficit conditions and produced more yield and high quality oil as compared to canola.

 
 
 
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Title:

Effects of nitrogen and foliar sulphur applications on the growth and yield of two wheat varieties grown in northern Pakistan

Author (s):

Yasir Hayat, Zahid Hussain, Shad Khan Khalil, Zafar Hayat Khan, Ikramullah, Muhammad Ali, Tariq Shah and Farooq Shah

Abstract:

A research trial was conducted at the New Developmental Research Farm of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan, during 2008-2009. The experiment was sown at 1st Dec. 2008 at the seed rate of 100 kg ha-1. Urea, DAP and elemental sulphur were used as sources for Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Sulphur (S), respectively. Treatments were: Factor-A: Varieties (V), i.e., V1 = Pirsabak 2005, V2 = Ghaznavi, Factor-B: N and S application (kg ha-1), i.e., T1 (80 kg N at sowing),T2 (140 kg N at sowing, T3 (80 kg N at sowing and anthesis: 40+40 kg), T4 (140 kg N at sowing and anthesis:100+40 kg), T5 (80 kg N at sowing + 20 kg S at stem extension:), T6 (140 kg N at sowing + 20 kg S at stem extension), T7 (80 kg N at sowing + 20 kg S at anthesis), T8 (140 kg N at sowing + 20 kg S at anthesis). The experiment was set in randomized complete block design (RCBD). Applications of 140 kg N ha-1 at sowing alongside applications of 20 kg S ha-1 at anthesis was helpful in increasing grain yields in both varieties. It was therefore recommended that foliar S should be included as an important input, alongside N, in the production technology of both Pirsabak-2005 and Gaznavi varieties of the wheat crop which are being cultivated in the Peshawar region of Pakistan.

 
 
 
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Title:

Effects of budding methods and time intervals on bud take success in seedless guava

Author (s):

Sohail Ahmad, Muhammad Munir Nadia Bostan and Fazal Rabi

Abstract:

Two combinations of different budding time i.e. 21st June, 11th July, 31st July and 20th August and two different methods i.e. T-budding and chip budding were tried to investigate their effects on bud take success in seedless guava (safeda cultivar), at Agriculture Research farm Jabban Dargai, Malakand Agency . Maximum days to sprouting (213.96), budding growth (48.13 cm), was observed on 21st June, whereas maximum plant survival (78.22%) was recorded on 11th July and maximum bud take success (60%) was noted on 31st July. Maximum bud take success (74.83%), plant survival (85.14%), budding growth (50.82 cm), was noted for T-budding. Since 31st July. T-budding showed significant results among most of the parameters observed. Hence for better bud take success Safeda seedling budded through T-budding on 31st July is recommended.

 
 
 
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Title:

Effect of density and planting row distance in Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) on efficiency of three herbicides

Author (s):

Neda Nahvi razlighi and Mehrdad Yarnia

Abstract:

Density and weeds control are the most important farming operation in order to enhancement of plant yield. With adoption of appropriate density can also increase efficiency of herbicides. In this research, the effects of different methods of weeds control at four levels: weeding, non-weeding, use of Ronstar and Gallant herbicides), planting row distance at three levels (15, 20 and 25 cm) and planting density at three levels (200, 300 and 400 plants/m2) have been studied on dill (Anethum graveolens L.) growth and weeds competition. Usage of Gallant herbicide had little effect on weeds control, but application of Ronstar herbicide had favorable control on weeds. Ronstar application at densities of 200, 300 and 400 plants/m2, decreased weeds dry weight about 34.2%, 44.1% and 50%, respectively; which the rate of decline was more severe in broadleaf weeds. Total weeds were not impressed by Gallant herbicide, but consumption of Ronstar herbicide reduced 34% of the total weeds. In most of the studied traits at Ronstar treatment, observed no significant difference among examined densities. Nonetheless, in treatments of Gallant application and non-weeding; significant reduction was observed in number and growth of weeds by increasing in plants density. Density of 400 plants/m2 had the lowest number of weeds, weeds control method had no significant effect on most of the related traits to weeds. The highest yield of dill with amount of 437 g/m2 was obtained in treatments of weeding and density of 400 plants/m2. In density of 200 plants/m2, weeds control methods had no effect on total dry weight of dill, but in density of 300 plants/m2; treatments of weeding, applications of Ronstar herbicide and Gallant herbicide increased total dry weight of dill with amounts of 40.5, 24.6 and 27.6%, respectively as compared with non-weeding treatment. In density of 200 plants/m2 treatments of weeding, applications of Ronstar herbicide and Gallant herbicide augmented total dry weight of dill with rates of 52.7, 17.4 and 24.8%, respectively as compared with non-weeding treatment. According to the results of this study, singly usage of Gallant and Ronstar herbicides does not seem to be desirable method for weeds control in dill. By increasing in density, more amount of dry matter was harvested per area unit. So that with increase in density from 200 to 400 plants at treatments of weeding, non-weeding, usage of Ronstar and Gallant herbicides; total dry weight of dill increased about 82, 25, 47 and 47%, respectively. Thus, by reducing weeds competition, further increase was obtained with increment of plant density. It seems that, greater increase in biomass per area unit was taken in high plant density with reduction in weeds interference.

 
 
 
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