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| ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological
Science
May 2013 | Vol. 8 No. 5 |
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Title: |
Proximate
composition of the prepared dishes of district Mardan and
Peshawar |
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Author (s): |
Niamat
Ullah, Iftikhar Alam, Aurang Zeb, Najma Iqbal and
Alam Khan |
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Abstract: |
Chemical composition of the dishes prepared
in the farmers’ homes of Peshawar and Mardan districts were
determined. Three villages in district Peshawar and three
villages in district Mardan were selected on the basis that
farmers community were living there and these villages were
far away from each others covering ethnic and geographical
variation. Hundred farmers’ were selected from each village
for a larger nutritional study. Information about ingredient
formulation and cooking procedure of the dishes was obtained
by filling a questioner from 20 % of the selected farmers.
The dishes were collected from these farmers and analyzed
for proximate. The results of the study show the range of
various nutrient contents which were; moisture 32.52 %
(wheat bread bazari) to 96.0 % (soup); ash 3.0 % (rice) to
11.3 % (cabbage ground beef); protein 6.1 % (bringil) to
44.3 % (soup); fat 0.99 % (wheat bread (home)) to 67.9 %
(spinach (palak) egg); fiber 1.5 % (wheat bread (bazaar) to
26.8 % (mash bean mint (chakni); Nitrogen Free Extract 0.87
% (lady-finger meat) to 75.7 % (wheat bread (home); The
energy content (kcal/100g) ranged from 384 (wheat bread
(home) to 708 (spinach (palak) egg). In conclusion, the
dishes of rural areas of these two districts were found
quite variable in ingredients and nutrients. |
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Title: |
Labor
requirements and profitability of chamomile (matricaria
chamomilla L.) in Egypt |
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Author (s): |
Fabio M.
Santucci L. Cardone and M. S. M. Mostafa |
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Abstract: |
A comparative study
has been conducted in the
Fayoum governorate, where over 70% of the Egyptian chamomile
is produced, during the months August 2010 - May 2011, to
assess the technologies, the labor requirement and the
economic results of conventional and organic producers. For
this purpose, the case study approach has been chosen, and
very detailed data collection has taken place in five
organic and five conventional farms, selected for their
structural similarity. Both types of management require very
much labor, mostly supplied by external workers. The
physical output per feddan is higher on conventional farms
than on organic ones, but the latter enjoy premium prices
that ensure a better gross margin and a higher profit.
Further research is suggested, concerning water use, partial
mechanization of the flower collection and the establishment
of producers’ associations. |
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Title: |
Efficiency of chitosan for controlling dirty panicle disease
in rice plants |
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Author (s): |
Chaweewan
Boonreung and Suchada Boonlertnirun |
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Abstract: |
Currently, chitosan has been popularly used
to trigger immune system in many crop species for plant
disease protection. This study aimed to determine chitosan
effect on controlling dirty panicle disease and affecting on
rice yield. The experimental design was a split-plot in
Randomized complete block with 2 plant conditions
(inoculated and non inoculated rice plant) as main plot and
3 application methods (chemical fertilizer in combination
with chitosan, chemical fertilizer alone and no both
chemical fertilizer and chitosan) as sub plot. Pot
experiment was conducted in an open greenhouse during March
to June 2012. The results were revealed that all studied
traits of inoculated and non inoculated rice plants applied
with various application methods were not significantly
different. Application of chemical fertilizer in combination
with chitosan did not significantly differ from application
of chemical fertilizer alone on leaf greenness, plant
height, dry matter, grain yield and panicle numbers but
significantly differed from those unapplied both chemical
fertilizer and chitosan. However, seeds of dirty panicle
disease were significantly affected by various application
methods, the lowest numbers were obtained from application
of chemical fertilizer in combination with chitosan whereas
no application of both chemical fertilizer and chitosan
showed negative effect on controlling dirty panicle disease
in both inoculated and non inoculated rice plant. From this
present study it might be explained that it is possibly to
spray chitosan to rice plants for controlling dirty panicle
disease caused by fungi pathogens. |
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Title: |
Selection
of signal grass genotypes for resistance to collaria
oleosa (distant, 1883) (hemiptera: miridae) |
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Author (s): |
Daniela
M. Silva, Jair C. Moraes, Alexander M. Auad, Marcy G.
Fonseca, Simone A. Oliveira and
Sandra E. B. Silva |
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Abstract: |
The bug
Collaria
oleosa
(Distant,
1863) has frequently been found attacking forage crops,
where it
causes leaf damage
in the form of
whitish striae,
leading to a
reduction
in photosynthesis.
The aim
of this study
was
to select signal
grass, Brachiaria
ruziziensis,
genotypes
that show
resistance to
C.
oleosa.
Adult insects
were collected
from a greenhouse
at
Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Brazil. Insects were
sexed and held
in
acrylic
cages in a
laboratory;
eggs produced were
placed
in Petri dishes
and
housed in a
climatic chamber until the nymphs hatching, that were
isolated in plastic containers (2.5 cm × 2.5 cm) until the
fourth
instar,
and then
transferred
to Petri
dishes (5.0 cm × 2.5cm).
One adult
pairs were
placed in mating cages and fed on the same diet as
the developing
nymphs.
Our study
incorporated a fully randomized design
with seven replicates, using
26
genotypes of
B.
ruziziensis
and
a marandu
cultivar
(Brachiaria
brizantha).
We
evaluated
the duration
and
viability of each
instar
and
the nymphal
stage,
adult longevity,
and the number
of eggs/female.
Significant
differences were found for each instar duration, nymphal
stage, adult longevity, and fecundity of C. oleosa on
different plant genotypes. The genotypes CNPGL BR 07, CNPGL
BR 14, CNPGL BR 43, CNPGL BR 76, CNPGL BR 91, CNPGL BR 100,
and B. brizantha were selected as having influenced
C. oleosa biology cycle, and are recommended as the
most appropriate lines to follow in the breeding programs of
B. ruziziensis. |
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Title: |
Dormancy
breaking and germination of castor (ricinus communis
L.) seed |
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Author (s): |
Msaakpa
T. S., Obasi M. O. and Kortse P. A. |
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Abstract: |
A study was conducted at the Crop Science
Laboratory of University of Agriculture, Makurdi in 2007 and
2008 to determine dormancy-breaking methods to overcome
dormancy in castor seeds. The water uptake curves of
non-scarified and scarified seeds were determined by fresh
weight increase among four replications of ten seeds each.
Fresh weight increase of control seeds was negligible
compared to that of scarified seeds indicating seed coat
impermeability to water (evidence of dormancy). Different
methods to overcome seed dormancy were compared: seeds
soaked in cold water for 24 hours; seeds soaked in hot water
(75oC) and cooled for 24 hours; seeds (caruncle
removed) soaked in cold water for 24 hours; seeds with
caruncle removed; seeds with testa removed at caruncle;
seeds soaked in 1M, 2M, 3M, 4M sulpuric acid for 5 minutes
and washed for 10 minutes; seeds soaked for 24 hours in 1%
of hydrogen peroxide, 20% of coconut milk, 15% of potassium
nitrate, 200mg/L of fusicoccin, and 200mg/L of aluminium
tetraflouride. Thereafter, seeds were subjected to
germination tests at 28oC and 12-hour
photoperiod. First count of germination, final germination,
percentage germination, total mortality, and germination
speed index were recorded. Mechanical scarification:
caruncle removal and soaking in cold water for 24 hours and
testa removal at caruncle were efficient in promoting
germination. Chemical scarification with sulphuric acid was
completely unsuccessful. Scarification with 20% of coconut
milk, 15% of potassium nitrate, 200mg/L of fusicoccin and
200mg/L of aluminium tetraflouride produced unsatisfactory
results. |
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Title: |
Economics
of irvingia excelsa “agbono” kernel production in
nsukka local government area of Enugu state, Nigeria |
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Author (s): |
Ugwumba
C. O. A., Wilcox G. I. and Aniaku C. O. |
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Abstract: |
The study examined the economics of
Irvingia excelsa “agbono” kernel production in
Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria.
Multistage and random sampling techniques were used to
select 50 respondents for the study. Data were collected
with the aid of pre-tested structured questionnaire and
personal interview. Analyses of data were achieved using
descriptive statistics, cost and return and multiple
regression techniques. Majority of the respondents (92%)
were females. The enterprise proved profitable given by the
positive values of gross margin (N5, 198, 905), net
production income (N5, 141, 329.75), mean net
production income (N102, 826.6) and net return on
investment (2.97). Production output was significantly
influenced by cost of labour and age of respondents, and
weakly determined by extension visit, household size,
educational level and agbono type. The serious constraints
to agbono kernel production included finger wounds, high
cost of labour, rough and stained palms. Government should
intensify the provision of basic infrastructure and
extension services to educate the women on good/modern
methods of processing “agbono” fruits and preserving the
kernels, so as to get high quality kernels that will attract
better price and higher income. |
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Title: |
Effects
of BA and IBA concentrations and subculture frequent in
meristem culture of strawberry |
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Author (s): |
Rudi Hari
Murti and Young Rog Yeoung |
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Abstract: |
The meristems of
Camarosa and Redpearl cultivars excised from runner were
cultured in MS media enriched with 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid
(IBA: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 ppm) and
BA (0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9
ppm) that were applied separately in three replications.
BA generated plantlets were sub
cultured in same media to produce Si
plantlets (i= 1st, 2nd, 3rt
subculture) before root initiation. The result showed
that all explants in IBA produced one plantlet and 0.2 ppm
produced the best plantlets performance, while all of BA
concentration induced multiple plantlets and 0.6 ppm
produced 7-26 plantlets/explant. MS media without IBA was
recommended for rooting induction. In both of hormones,
Camarosa in vitro plantlets
performance was better than Redpearl, but contrary the
performance of Redpearl plantlet was better than Camarosa
after acclimatized. The
number and length
of Redpearl root was significantly higher so the stand
ability was better than Camarosa. |
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Title: |
Allelopathic effects of rice straw extract on different
crops and weeds |
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Author (s): |
Riaz
Ahmad Afridi, Muhammad Azim Khan, Zahid Hussain, Sarwat Saleem, Shitab Khan,
Khilwat Afridi
and Muhammad Ali |
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Abstract: |
A lab experiment entitled “Allelopathic
effects of rice straw extracts roots and shoots on different
crops and weeds” was conducted at Weed Science Laboratory,
Institute of Plant Environmental Protection, National
Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad during 2007
with a factorial arrangement (species and extract
concentration) to evaluate the allelopathic effect of
various concentrations of rice straw extract on various
growth parameters of different test plants. The ANOVA
revealed statistically significant
(P≤0.01) differences for extracts, test
species and their two and three-way interactions. The
whole experiment was repeated once
to confirm the findings. Data were recorded during
the course of studies on root and shoot length, fresh and
dry biomass. The rice plants (Basmati super) were collected
from experimental fields of NARC, Islamabad Pakistan to
obtain the extracts. Only stems and leaves of rice plants
were used for the extraction. The concentrations of 0, 50
and 100% were used for the bioassay. A total of 90 Petri
dishes were sterilized in autoclave at 110-120oC
for 1 hour. Two filter papers and ten seeds of each test
plant were placed in each Petri dish, kept at room
temperature of 20°C for 15 days. It was inferred from
the results that
100% rice straw extract significantly decreased the
germination and growth of test plants as compared to 0 and
50% rice straw extracts. Gossypium hirsutum from the
crop species and Ipomoea batatas, Rumex dentatus and
Convolvulus arvensis from the weed species were most
affected by the rice extracts; whereas Helianthus annuus,
Zea mays, Oryza sativa and Vigna radiata were
somewhat resistant to the extracts. Therefore, allelopathy
of rice straw can be utilized as an alternative environment
friendly bio-herbicide for weed management in future. |
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Title: |
Effects of vermicompost
application under methanol foliar spraying on dry leaf yield
and biomass yield of stevia rebaudiana (bert.) in
north of Iran |
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Author (s): |
Ebrahim
Azarpour, Maral Moraditochaee and Hamid Reza Bozorgi |
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Abstract: |
There can have been few
botanical discoveries quite so dramatic as the realization
that the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni (Compositae)
are so highly sweet. For studying the effects of
vermicompost application and spraying of methanol on yield
and yield components stevia rebaudiana, an experiment in
factorial design with three factors based on randomized
complete block design with 3 replication in the Astaneh
Ashrafiyeh County (north of Iran) during 2012 was conducted.
The factors of experiment consists off vermicompost
application with three levels (V1: without vermicompost
application, V2: 5 t/ha and V3: 10 t/ha) and spraying of
methanol with four levels (M1: without spraying, M2: 10, M3:
20 and M4: 30 volumetric percentages of methanol). Results
of data analysis showed that, the effects on dry leaf and
biomass yield were significant. The highest dry leaf yield
was obtained from V3 (1805 kg/ha) and M3 (1714 kg/ha)
treatment. |
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Title: |
Profitability of broiler and layer production in the brong
ahafo region of Ghana |
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Author (s): |
Benjamin
Tetteh Anang, Cosmos Yeboah and Anthony Amison Agbolosu |
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Abstract: |
The study sought to compare the profitability
of broiler and layer production in the Brong Ahafo Region of
Ghana. Six poultry farms, comprising three layer farms and
three broiler farms, were purposively sampled for the study.
Data were obtained from production records of the farms and
by questionnaire administration. Profitability analysis was
carried out using the cost, revenue and profit functions to
derive total cost, total revenue and total profit
respectively. Constraints were analyzed using the Kendall’s
coefficient of concordance. The results showed that both
broiler and layer production were profitable in spite of
some constraints facing their production. The major
constraints associated with layer production were inadequate
finance and scarcity/high cost of maize. For broiler
production, the major constraints were inadequate finance
and competition with imported frozen chicken. Access to
credit, extension education and training on production
practices were recommended as measures to improve commercial
poultry production in the country. |
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Title: |
Optimal
farm plan and food security situation among agropastoralist
households in Giwa area of Kaduna state, Nigeria |
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Author (s): |
A.B
Mohammed, A.F Ayanlere, A.O Omotesho and A. Muhammad Lawal |
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Abstract: |
This paper presented the food
security situation among agro pastoralist households in
Nigeria. Primary data were used for the study and which were
obtained with the aid of interview schedule translated to
the respondent in hausa language. A two stage sampling
technique was applied on eighty seven agro pastoralist
household which were randomly selected from six villages
with the number selected proportionate to the size of each
village. The analytical tools used for study include simple
descriptive statistics, food security index and linear
programming. The descriptive statistics analysis revealed
that the agro pastralist household in the study area have
large farmlands acquired mainly though rent. The analysis
also revealed that sorghum and maize/sorghum enterprises
were the most prevalent cropping enterprises in the study
area. Using the basic calories and protein required approach
per capital per day per household size, 65%and35%percent of
the households were identified as food secure and food
insecure respectively. The optimal farm plan that ensure
food security among agro pastoralist suggest than an average
Agro pastoralist house hold should devote 0.35 hectares to
the production of maize/ sorghum and 2.6 hectares to the
production of maize/ cowpea. |
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Title: |
Ratooning
potential of different promising sugarcane genotypes at
varying harvesting dates |
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Author (s): |
Shahid
Bashir, Mahmood ul Hassan, Naeem Fiaz, Zafrullah Khan and
Zulfiqar Ali |
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Abstract: |
In a field trial during
2010-2012, ratooning ability of four promising sugarcane
genotypes viz. S2003-US-778, S2003-US-127,
S2006-US-641, S2006-US-832 and check clone (HSF-240) was
evaluated at the Sugarcane Research Institute, AARI,
Faisalabad, Pakistan. Plant crop was harvested on 1st
November, 1st December, 1st January, 1st February
and 1st March in 2010-2011 and subsequent ratoon
crop was harvested in January, 2012. It was observed that
number of millable canes, cane yield and commercial cane
sugar (CCS) varied significantly among all the harvesting
dates and highest cane yield (56.25 t ha-1) was
recorded in case of February ratooned crop along with
overall sugar yield of 7.35 t ha-1. Whereas,
similar cane yield was observed in case of genotypes
S2003-US-778, S2003-US-127 and check (HSF-240) cultivar
which was significantly higher than others. February
ratooned crop produced highest cane and sugar yield among
all harvesting dates for all the genotypes. |
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Title: |
Study of
economic, social effects of employment and self-sufficiency
projects of Imam Khomeini (by focusing on agricultural
projects) in north of Iran |
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Author (s): |
Alireza
Mohammadi and Mohammad Karim Motamed |
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Abstract: |
This research was done in 87 about
Performance of 10-year agricultural projects (Between
2000-2010) implemented in Guilan Province by Imam Khomeini
relief committee. The main goal of the implementation of
this study, is to compare social and economic status of two
groups of households covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief
Committee, The first group includes those people who
agricultural projects have been implemented for them and the
second group includes those people who aforementioned
project has not been implemented for them. To show how
effective are these projects in reducing poverty, achieving
stable employment and have an improved income situation. The
statistical research community, are all poor people who have
been Covered by Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Guilan
until the year 86, that All specifications of this society
has been recorded in Offices and documents of Relief
Committee and is available. And Statistical sample includes
two groups, the first group includes those people who
agricultural projects have been implemented for them and the
second group includes those people who aforementioned
project has not been implemented for them. To show how
effective are these projects in reducing poverty, achieving
stable employment and have an improved income situation.
These people were selected in a way to have the most
similarity, and the main difference of them is in using or
not using of employment and self-sufficiency plans of
agricultural projects, then, samples were selected As random
sampling plan appropriate to volume of sample using “korjus
and Morgan” and “Cohen” decision model. Main data collection
tool in this research was a questionnaire. Dependent
variable in this research is situation of two groups of
covered households and independent variables of this
research are age, occupation and gender which are in nominal
scale and education level and protected being long which are
in ordinal scale. Amount of loans received, annual income,
rate of People participate in organizations are measured in
relative scale. Validity of questionnaire was calculated by
re-examination and Cronbakh alpha Coefficient and also we
used SPSS software for information analysis and data
description. Variables of this research were written in
dominant of 7 hypotheses. Income, Gender, Education Level,
Hope for the future, Confidence, Economic independence and
Social activities were examined in two groups of people
using some exams, Independent test (for 1st theory) and
Mann-Whitney test (for 2nd, 3rd, 4th,
5th, 6th and 7th theories).
The results showed that these variables has a meaningful
difference in a level less than 0.01 between two groups of
covered people who benefits and not benefits of agricultural
plans. |
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Title: |
The
application of multigamma radiation as a physical mutagen
for breeding of local soybean |
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Author (s): |
Bartholomeus Pasangka |
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Abstract: |
The general
effect of multigamma radiation causes mutation on the all
species of plant. The largest effect of multigamma radiation
occurred on genetics factor and chromosome, specific on
structure and composition of chromosome and DNA. This case
can be used for breeding of several importent plants in the
world. The objective of this research is the breeding of
local soybean from Bajawa Flores NTT with aplicaton of
multigamma radiation to obtain the primer seed of local
soybean with high production and tolerant to dry condition.
The primer seed or superior seed obtained as mutation rusult
of multigamma radiation as many as 10 varieties, and the
production revolved between 3.78 tons/ha up to 4.92 tons/ha,
with mean production 4.41 tons/ha. The mean produktion of
initial soybean is 2.54 tons/ha, it shows that production
significantly increase as big as 42.40% per hectare. |
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