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| ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological
Science
August 2012 | Vol. 7 No.
8 |
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Title: |
Seasonality in poverty level of rural farming households in
Oyo State Nigeria |
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Author (s): |
Adeyonu
A. G., Oni O. A., Okoruwa V. O. and Omonona B. T. |
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Abstract: |
The study examined poverty
level among farmers in rural areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. A
multi-stage sampling technique was used in collecting data
from 180 farming households during the rainy and dry season.
The analysis shows that the incidence of poverty is 32.7%
and 40.6% during the rainy and dry seasons respectively.
Poverty rate is higher among older farmers with low level of
education who are subsistence farmers with large members and
who had no access to food preparation and modern faming
technology. Poverty indices are higher during dry season
than rainy season. To reduce poverty among farmers, farming
households should be targeted with education, birth-control
programmes, time saving technology and cash transfer
programs to bridge the dry season consumption deficit.
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Title: |
Evaluation of the growth and carcass yield characteristics
of crossbred naked-neck and frizzle cockerel phenotypes
reared under hot and humid environments |
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Author (s): |
Hagan J. K.
and Akpor I. |
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Abstract: |
An experiment was carried out to evaluate the
growth and carcass yield of four crossbred F3
naked-neck and frizzle cockerel phenotypes. These crossbred
third generation cockerels were generated from a successive
generations of reciprocal crossing between crossbred
heterozygous naked-neck (50% indigenous naked-neck and
50% Lohman Brown) and frizzle (50% indigenous frizzle
and 50% Lohman Brown) stocks. Two hundred and forty
(240), two-week old cockerels, sixty (60) each of the four
phenotypes were randomly assigned to a CRD experiment with
three replicates for a period of up to 14 weeks. The
selected cockerels were put in a partitioned open-sided
deep-litter house, with 20 birds in each compartment and
provided with broiler chick and layer grower mash ad lib
during the brooding and growing stages respectively.
Results obtained showed no significant phenotype effect on
day-old body weight, however, the naked-neck and frizzle
phenotypes consumed significantly more feed and were more
feed efficient after four weeks onwards. Results from
carcass yield also showed a significant gene effects with
cockerels expressing the naked-neck and frizzle traits in
the double heterozygous state producing significantly higher
meat yield than their single heterozygous sibs with the
latter also producing higher meat yield than their normally
feathered sibs. It was concluded that there is positive
interactive effects between the naked-neck and frizzle genes
evidenced by the superior performance of the naked-neck and
frizzle phenotypes as compared to their normally feathered
sibs. |
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Title: |
Requirements of low input sustainable agricultural
implementation: A factor analysis of experts’ perspective |
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Author (s): |
Maryam
Omidi Najafabadi, Kosar Khedri and Farhad Lashgarara |
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Abstract: |
Low Input Sustainable Agricultural seek to
optimize the management and use of internal production
inputs and to minimize the use of external production
inputs, such as purchased fertilizer and pesticides to lower
production costs, to reduce pesticide residues in food, and
to increase both short- and long-term farm profitability.
This study was conducted to identify the requirements of
LISA implementation from experts’ perception in Ilam. The
research population included all the experts who are members
of agricultural and natural resources engineering
organization in Ilam province (N=1700). Using the stratified
sampling technique and the results from the pilot test 313
experts were surveyed. Using factor analysis, the
requirements have been classified into five factors named
Cultural, Economical, Extension methods, Education methods
and Technical factors. About 65 percent of total common
variance explained by these 5 factors, which the majority of
it has been explained by the cultural factor. |
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Title: |
Effect of
organic matter on nitrogen mineralization in flooded and dry
soil |
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Author (s): |
Linca
Anggria, A. Kasno and Sri Rochayati |
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Abstract: |
Organic matter is one of the source nitrogen
in the soil. Nitrogen mineralization depends on application
method, kind of organic matter, microbial activity, aeration
and moisture. The objective of this study was to determine
the amount of nitrogen mineralization in flooded and dry
soils from organic matter application. The experiment was
carried out in research and soil testing laboratory of
Indonesian Soil Research Institute (ISRI). Soil sample were
taken from Cipanas and Sajira Sub District, Rangkasbitung.
Nitrogen mineralization was studied on flooded and dry soil.
The kind of organic matter on this experiment was chicken
manure, goat manure, straw and straw compost wich are
nitrogen content around 1.15 to 1.76%. The analysis of
ammonium and nitrate conducted at 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 20, 30,
and 40 days after organic matter application. Nitrogen
release from organic matter was calculated by nitrogen total
on the organic matter treatment minus control divided by
nitrogen content on the 5 t organic matter. The results
showed that N-NH4+ content on the
flooded soil started at 3 days after organic matter
application, increase and peak of nitrogen content reach at
30 days after organic matter aplication. The maximum
concentration of N-NH4+ for chicken
manure and straw compost are day 8, straw and control are
day 5, and goat manure is day 2. The maximum concentration
ranged from 59 to 72 mg N-NH4+ kg-1.
Under flooded soil, the maximum nitrogen mineralization on
day 8, ranged from 4.33 to 7, 61 mg N-NO3-
kg-1. Under dry soil, the maximum concentration
of N-NO3- reaches at 10 days after
organic matter application. |
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Title: |
Yield of
wheat varieties under solid and skip row geometries |
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Author (s): |
Beena Saeed, Hasina Gul, Paigham Shah,
Ayub Khan, Shazma Anwar, Azra and Shamsher Ali |
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Abstract: |
The objectives of the study was to find out
the performance of different wheat varieties sown under
solid and skip row geometries. An experiment was carried out
at New Development Form of KPK Agricultural University
Peshawar, Pakistan during winter season of 2002-2003. The
experimental setup was randomized complete block design (RCBD)
with split plot arrangement having three replications.
Sowing was done on 18th November, 2002. Row
geometry was allotted to main plot and different wheat
varieties were allotted to sub plots. The size of each sub
plot was 2.4m by 5m. Six different wheat varieties
(Bakhtawar-92, Fakhar-e-Sarhad, Ghaznavi-98, Nowshera-96,
Chakwal, and Khyber-87) were planted in skip and solid row
geometries randomly. In solid row geometry the row to row
distance was 30 cm and in skip row geometry, pairs of row
were 60 cm apart and within pairs the row to row distance
was 30cm. The following parameters via emergence m-2,
days to anthesis, plant height, number of tillers m-2,
spike density m-2 were studied in the experiment.
The solid row geometry reported better emergence, took more
days to anthesis and gave higher spike density as compared
to skip row geometry. Skip row geometry produced taller
plants than solid row geometry. Performance of the two wheat
varieties, Fakhar-e-Sarhad and Ghaznavi-98 was found
appreciable than the other four varieties i.e.,
Bakhtawar-92, Nowshera-96, Chakwal, and Khyber-87. |
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Title: |
The
effect of gender on the food security of urban agriculture
households: A case of Eldoret, Kenya |
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Author (s): |
Mugalavai
Violet Kadenyaka |
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Abstract: |
In many developing countries, urban
agriculture (UA), which involves the production, processing,
and selling of food can be a common coping mechanism in
urban communities for creating livelihood opportunities.
This study was carried out among the low-income
horticultural food crop producers and sellers. The
respondents gender differences in their socio- economic
characteristics, accessing and use of knowledge and skills
required for proficiency in UA, motivating sources of
information, coping strategies and their household food
security were determined using both quantitative and
qualitative research methods. Quantitative data was
collected using both open and closed ended questions whereas
qualitative data was sort through one-to-one interviews,
case studies, observations, and focus groups. Quantitative
data was analyzed using the SPSS software and reported in
Tables and graphs. Qualitative data was triangulated in the
discussions of quantitative data. The results revealed that
female respondents more than males had lower socio-economic
values which affected capital access and use to enable them
to meet their household food security needs. Nevertheless,
females, more than males had a stronger and more determined
will to use coping mechanisms that enabled them to harness
resources and avail food for their families although the
diet was deficient in quantity and quality. There is need to
empower women in UA livelihoods with necessary resources
that will enable them to become better food providers in
order for them to achieve better food security for their
households. |
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Title: |
Preventive effect of Allium sativum on alloxan induced
diabetic rat |
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Author (s): |
Ojo R. J.,
Memudu A. E., Akintayo C. O. and Akpan I. S. |
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Abstract: |
This study was carried out to evaluate the
possible protective effects of garlic extract on alloxan-induced
diabetic rats. The rats were divided into four groups: group
1 serves as diabetic control; group 2 served as normal
control; group 3 received garlic extract seven days before
alloxan induction and 14 days after the induction while the
last group received normal saline before induction and
garlic extract after induction. The blood glucose levels of
the rats were determined before the treatment and at regular
interval till the end of the study. The result obtained
showed that preadministration of garlic extract before
alloxan indction prevents the elevation of blood glucose in
alloxan induced rats. |
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Title: |
The
impact of organizing the access route on vegetation and
natural ecosystems soil |
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Author (s): |
Amir
Hossain Firozan, Mahsa Hakimi Abed, Seyed Armin Hashemi and
Sahin Ansarian |
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Abstract: |
In this
research, Tafeh Kochkineh is Monitored and Evaluated which
is one of the Kermanshah north Promenade with 31 hectares
area that constructed by Grassroots Preservation and
restoration of mountain environments Organization (Parow
population) With financial support of small donations
facilities Office of United Nations Global Environment, by
using remote sensing technology, ground control (30 number
of samples in 1000 square meters in area), Relative density
testing of Access way soil (The Green Mile). Biometric tests
results Shows that the studied Area have been in better
condition Compared to previous years In terms of vegetation,
the Vegetation was increased in this area And this had been
done due to create access project in this place. Results of
Field and laboratory testing of soil Shows that the soil of
this area is classified in AASHTO and grouped in A-7. And
considered as the worst type of soil after organic soils to
construct a way. But in another hand it is the most
appropriate soil for the renewing the Soil and vegetation
the blocked routes. So that17% of the Soil density reduced
within about eight years and vegetation will be deployed to
cover in this area soon. |
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Title: |
Effects
of plant density, organic matter and nitrogen rates on rice
yields in the system of rice intensification (SRI) in the
office DU Niger in Mali |
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Author (s): |
M.
Bagayoko |
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Abstract: |
A study was conducted to determine influence
of combined application of farmyard manure and different
levels of inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield and yield
components in the System of Rice Intensification in Mali.
Three types of experiments were
conducted at the agronomic research station of the Regional
centre of Agronomic research of Niono (CRRA-N) in Office du
Niger zone, which extends in the North-eastern direction
(between 13° and 15° latitudes North and 4°-6° Western
longitudes). The materials used comprised a rice
variety, mineral fertilizers and organic matter. The rice
variety used was Kogoni 91-1 also called « Gambiaka
Suruni » which is an improved variety with a cycle of
120 days. The mineral fertilizers used were, triple
superphosphate (TSP), Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP, urea and
potassium chloride. The potassium chloride was uniformly
applied to all plots, while the rate of application of TSP,
urea and DAP depended on the treatments described in the
research protocol the organic matter (OM) source was animal
manure coming from the animal park of the research station.
This manure was characterized by low content of nitrogen (0,
34 %N), phosphorus (0.16% P) and potassium (0.65% K). The
results indicated significant yield benefit of the SRI
system although the drainage system not efficient.
Significant interaction between row spacing and soil
fertility level occurred showing that row spacing as wide as
30cmx30cm can be used in SRI system when soil fertility is
high. However, when soil fertility level is low, it is
reasonable to use row spacing of 25cmx 25cm or narrower as
certain studies have already shown it. Although good yield
can be obtained using farmyard manure, addition of mineral
fertilizer still increase rice yield showing that
combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer should be
considered to sustain yield rice yield. |
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Title: |
Preparation and evaluation of gluten free ready to serve
buckwheat product |
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Author (s): |
Faizullah
Khan, Alam Zeb, Muhammad Arif, Javid Ullah and Said Wahab |
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Abstract: |
The present study
pertains to the development of a gluten free ready to serve
buckwheat nutritious powdered product. The process consists
of dehulling and extrusion of dehulled buckwheat from which
ready to serve buckwheat flour is obtained. The ready to
serve flour is further utilized for product development by
mixing it with skimmed milk powder, sugar and food grade
additives. The developed product has excellent palatability,
agreeable odor and flavor. The developed product is highly
nutritious, energizing and refreshing. The gluten free
character makes it a perfect nutritional supplement for
gluten allergic and other celiac patients as well as for
those who have difficulty in mastication swallowing and
digestion. The product is dissolvable in hot and cold both
water and milk. |
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Title: |
Effect of
acidulated rock phosphate on micronutrients uptake by maize |
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Author (s): |
Bashir Ullah, Arif Ullah, Sher Ali Khan, Anis ur Rehaman, Mohammad
Javed Khan, Sheraz Ahmad Khan and Muhammad irfan |
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Abstract: |
Pot experiment was conducted to investigate
the effect of acidulated rock phosphate on micronutrients
uptake in calcareous soil, to evaluate RP as cheaper and
possible substitute of chemical fertilizer. Fresh silt loam
texture soil was taken in plastic pots and mixed with
required amount of finely ground RP calculated on %P basis.
Results showed that RP untreated or pretreated with equal
amounts of H2SO4 significantly
increased the concentration of P in soil and also P
accumulation in plant. Acidulated RP also increases the
micronutrients concentration and yield attributes.
Pre-treatment of RP with acid resulted in higher Zn
accumulation as compared to untreated RP. The highest total
accumulation of 2.04 mg Zn pot-1 was recorded in
treatment RP200%+acid and RP100%+acid with statistically
similar values of 1.57 and 1.11mg Zn pot-1. Fe
content for RP100%+acid RP100%, RP200% were significantly
higher than control, while highest total Fe accumulation was
recorded in treatment of RP200%+acid as 38.86 mg pot-1.
Significantly higher Cu accumulations of 0.63 and 0.51 mg Cu
pot-1 were observed in RP200%+acid and
RP100%+acid treatments. RP increased Mn total accumulation
by maize plants, the highest accumulation of 3.50 mg Mn pot-1
was recorded in RP200%+acid followed with 2.99 and
2.56 mg Mn pot-1. The highest accumulation of Ca
in shoot was observed 0.48 g Ca pot-1 and 0.37 g
Ca pot-1 in treatment of RP200%+acid and
RP100%+acid. Acidulated RP increased the micronutrients
concentration, total accumulation and crop growth, which
shows that. RP have the ability to substitute Phosphatic
fertilizer. |
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Title: |
Assessment of noise levels generated in swine production
units in Ibadan, Nigeria |
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Author (s): |
Yahaya
Mijinyawa and Femi Peter Alege |
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Abstract: |
The increase in pork consumption globally in
recent times has led to a corresponding increase in pig
production with more people being employed in the industry
to provide the needed services. Pigs are known to generate a
lot of noise which could constitute a potential health
hazard and against which remedial measures must be taken.
The establishment of the levels of noise generated in
piggery production units and their possible consequences on
the workers in such units was the main objective of this
study. The research execution consisted of a simple survey
among piggery workers to obtain information relevant to
noise generation and effect; and physical measurement of the
levels of noise generated in selected piggery farms in
Ibadan, Nigeria. The survey revealed that workers spend
between 3-6 hours daily within the units and wear no noise
protective devices. The levels of noise generated in the
farms ranged from 95-103 dB (A) and especially during
feeding period and other activities. The duration of these
noises which are mainly intermittent ranged from 30 to 150
minutes. These levels of noise and the periods for which
they last are above the maximum levels of 99 dB (A) over a
period of 19 and 140 minutes specified by NIOSH and OSHA
respectively. Swine workers in Ibadan, Nigeria are exposed
to excessive occupational noise hazards and remedial
measures are desirable in order to protect them. The
provision of Personal Hearing Protective Devices (PHPDs),
adequate medical check-ups as well as use of personal noise
dosimeters for the swine workers and good housing structures
and facilities for the animals are recommended. |
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Title: |
Assessment of the noise level generated during ploughing and
harrowing operations in Ibadan Nigeria |
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Author (s): |
Y.
Mijinyawa and B. A. Akinyemi |
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Abstract: |
In an attempt to meet the food demand by the
ever increasing human population, the use of machines in the
performance of agricultural operations is increasingly being
emphasized. The two of the most common operations for which
machines are used on the farm are ploughing and harrowing.
Tractor operators who perform these functions are known to
spend long period of time working with the machines and
various implements which generate substantial noise.
Exposure to excessive noise could be harmful to human health
if not regulated. The focus of this study was to investigate
the level of noise to which tractor operators are exposed
during ploughing and harrowing operations using MF260 and MF
265 tractors the noise level generated varied from 88.6 to
89.4dBA for ploughing and 86.5 to 88.4 dBA for harrowing.
These levels are more than the recommended level of 85dB
which indicate that the operators are under threat from
noise and precautionary measures are desirable. A good
maintenance culture especially the lubrication of parts to
reduce noise, the use of ear protector such as ear muffs and
plugs and cabins on tractors are recommended as ways by
which the noise exposure could be minimized. |
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Title: |
Incidence
and botanical control of seed-borne fungi of cowpea in Niger
State, Nigeria |
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Author (s): |
Makun H. A.,
Anjorin S. T., Abidoye A. S., Rufai A. R. and
Kabiru Y. A. |
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Abstract: |
Cowpea grains marketed in Minna, Nigeria were
assessed for seed-borne fungi. The fungi were isolated and
identified by standard methods of culturing and
sub-culturing. The isolated fungi species were
Aspergillus
niger
(19.78%) and Fusarium verticilloides (14.85%),
Mucor spp. (5.95%), Penicillium spp. (4.95%) and
Rhizopus spp. (0.99%). The fungistatic efficacy of crude
leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Blumea
perotitiana and Lippia multiflora were
assessed in-vitro on the predominant isolated fungi (A.
niger
and F. verticilloides). The percentage
mycelial inhibition of the plants leaf extracts were
compared with the synthetic fungicide (Apron star®) and the
control for 10 days. Under 2500 and 5000ug/ml treatment, the
apron star® significantly (P<0.05) reduced the
mycelial growth of A.
niger
and F. verticilloides by 92% and 93% respectively
(Table-3). Next to this was the inhibitory effect of lippia
+ blumea extracts on A.
niger
(56%) and F. verticilloides (32%).
Under 5000ug/ml treatment, the inhibitory effect of
lippia + blumea extracts on A.
Niger
(65%) and
on F. verticilloides (48.78%). Neem leaf extract
treatment only was the least effective among the botanical
extract tested. Though the leaf extracts used were
efficacious but were not as effective as the synthetic
fungicide. The crude bioextracts could be purified and
formulated in order to improve its efficacy. |
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