Single-response optimization of bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity of Haematococcus pluvialis extract through Taguchi orthogonal array
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Author |
Eko Susanto, Kamilatun Nisa’ Agustina, Slamet Suharto, A. Suhaeli Fahmi, Ardiba Rakhmi Sefrienda, Ari Wawasto and Sarjito
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e-ISSN |
1819-6608 |
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On Pages
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1550-1559
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Volume No. |
20
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Issue No. |
18
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Issue Date |
December 30, 2025
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DOI |
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Keywords |
antioxidant, Haematococcus pluvialis, nutraceutical, functional foods, Taguchi method.
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Abstract
The present research aimed to optimize the extraction conditions for maximum yield of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Haematococcus pluvialis by using the Taguchi method (TM). A Taguchi L9 (3²) orthogonal array experiment was carried out, examining two factors-methanol concentration (50%, 75%, 100%) and extraction time (60, 120, 180 minutes). Single-response optimization was performed to examine the effect of these variables on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), pigment yield (carotenoids, β-carotene, and astaxanthin), and antioxidant activities determined by DPPH, H₂O₂, and TEAC assays, as well as CIELAB colorimetric parameters. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was determined to find the best conditions for each respective response. ANOVA results indicated that methanol concentration had a significant influence on most of the responses (p<0.05), whereas extraction time was insignificant (p>0.05). The optimal conditions for bioactive recovery and antioxidant activity were found to be 75% methanol and 120 min extraction time, yielding 18.40 mgGAE g⁻¹TPC, 84.26 mgQE g⁻¹ TFC, 15.47 µg/mL carotenoids, and maximum antioxidant activities (51% DPPH, 53% H₂O₂, and 109.24 mgTE g⁻¹ TEAC). These findings highlight the effectiveness of the Taguchi method for optimizing solvent extraction in microalgae and demonstrate the potential of H. pluvialis as a source of high-value bioactives for nutraceutical and functional foods applications.
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