Diesel fuel sprays from a common rail injector were injected into a pressurized constant-volume chamber. The environmental gas density in the constant-volume chamber was 18 kg/m3, which is representative of the density in a typical diesel engine when the fuel injection process starts. Consecutive images of the diesel fuel sprays were captured with a high-speed camera at a constant time interval. The spray dispersion area with time after the start of the fuel injection was obtained. The spray dispersion area increased linearly with time after the start of the injection. The slope of the linear correlation line between the spray dispersion area and time after the start of the injection was steeper when the fuel injection pressure was higher. There was little effect on the slope of the linear correlation line with a change of the duration of the fuel injection time. The mixing characteristics of the entire spray injected from the common rail diesel injector were studied by analyzing the capture images. The mixing characteristics of all sprays over time after the start of the injection process were quantified by determining the pure-light-extinction intensity (PLEI) at each pixel for all of the sprays.

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This research was carried out to study the effectiveness of clamshell as catalyst in biodiesel process production, especially biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oil was pre-treated to remove water and others inert. The pre-treated process was used three methods namely purification with noni, purification with husk charcoal, and purification with wood charcoal. Clamshell was crushed into powder, sieved to 200 mesh and calcined at three various temperature 700 oC, 750 oC and 800 oC. Purified waste cooking oil was used as raw material in transesterification reaction to obtain biodiesel and gliserol. The ratio of waste cooking oil to methanol and clamshell powder was 200 mL:600 mL:2 g. The results of the study show that pre-treatment processing of waste cooking oil using noni fruit, husk charcoal or wood charcoal can remove impurities in oil and reduce oil-free fatty acid content to meet the standards to be used as raw material for the biodiesel industry. CaO from clamshell is effective as a catalyst in the process of biodiesel production. the characteristics of biodiesel from waste cooking oil produced in this study are as follows; the acid number is in the range0.51-0.56, mgKOH/gsample, saponification numbers in the range193-201 mgKOH/gsample, density 853-854 kg/m3, and the viscosity in the range of2.77 to 2.80 cSt. all these characteristics fulfill the provisions required by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI).

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The problem of the development of new multi-component binders is relevant in the present time. Ground rocks and by-products of the industry can be used in multi-component binders for various applications. Mineral additive based on shungite rocks is used for protective concrete against ionizing radiation. Shungite rocks differ in genesis, mineral composition as well as carbon and silica content. The efficacy of aggregates based on shungite rocks and shungisite in cement concrete as protective material against ionising radiation is known. However, influence of shungisite microfillers on the properties of cement compositions with polycarboxylate super plasticizers was not investigated. Morphology, element analysis of shungisite particles as well as compatibility of shungisite microfillers with polycarboxylate superplasticizer in cement compositions have studied in the paper. Shungisite microfillers were obtained under heating shungite rock at the temperature of 1000°C and its subsequent grinding. It has stated that the water demand of cement paste with normal consistency had increased with the increase of the fineness of the shungisite microfiller. The plasticizing effect of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer has depended on the composition of shungisite. The data of determining the electrokinetic properties of the shungisite micro-particles have confirmed this. Results can contribute to the rational use of shungisite microfillers in cement composite to create effective protective materials with shielding properties against electromagnetic radiation or cement composites with electro-conductive properties.

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In this paper, an application capable of detecting, recognizing and geolocating real-time traffic regulatory signs is developed. OpenCV library modules are used as the cascade classifier to detect objects and the kNN machine learning algorithm (k-Nearest Neighbors or nearest k-neighbors), for the recognition of the digits of the traffic signs. The location of the signs is done by GPS. In this way, an application performance of 92% is achieved.

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In this paper, the Burger’s equations have been approximated by using the second-order finite difference scheme and the half-sweep nonlocal arithmetic discretization scheme to construct the half-sweep generated linear system. Then, we investigate the applicable formulation of Half-sweep Successive Over Relaxation (HSSOR) iterative method for solving this linear system. In order to verify the effectiveness of the HSSOR iterative method, this paper also included the Full-sweep Successive Over Relaxation (FSSOR) and Full-Sweep Gauss-Seidel (FSGS) iterative methods. The performance analysis of these three proposed iterative methods is illustrated by solving four proposed Burger’s problems. The numerical results illustrate the great performance of the HSSOR iterative method together with half-sweep nonlocal arithmetic discretization scheme to solve the Burger’s equations in senses of execution time and number of iterations.

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Ceramic-polymer nanocomposites, consisting of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) as fillers and Poly(vinylidenefluoride) (PVDF) as matrix, have been fabricated by using a solution casting method with (BST) filler contents of (25–40) vol%. (BST) nanopowder was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The dielectric and optical properties of (PVDF/BST) nanocomposites have been investigated. The (XRD) results showed that the (BST) nanopowder obtained by hydrothermal method with a perovskite structure. The frequency dependency of dielectric constant and dielectric losses of the (PVDF/BST) naocomposites with different volume fractions of (BST) filler in frequency range (50Hz–5MHz) at room temperature were studied. The dielectric constant of the (PVDF/BST) nanocomposites increased with the increasing of (BST) filler. The dielectric losses of the (PVDF/BST) nanocomposites increase with BST filler increasing at the same frequency. The dielectric properties of (PVDF) were improved by increasing (BST) filler. The optical properties were studied from the absorbance spectrum, the absorbance of the (PVDF/BST) nanocomposites increase with the increasing of (BST) filler content. The optical energy gap for the direct allowed electronic transition of (PVDF/BST) nanocomposite with different filler contents of (BST) decreases from (3.7 eV) to (3.2 eV) with the increasing of the (BST) filler content. The results of piezoelectric measurements showed that the resistance of all the (PVDF/BST) nanocomposites decreases as the applied pressure increases, the resistance of the (PVDF/Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3) nanocomposite increased with the increasing of (BST) filler content at the same applied pressure.

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In this paper a finite element method involving Petrov-Galerkin method with quintic B-splines as basis functions and sextic B-splines as weight functions has been developed to solve a general ninth order boundary value problem with a particular case of boundary conditions. The basis functions are redefined into a new set of basis functions which vanish on the boundary where the Dirichlet, the Neumann, second order and third order derivative type of boundary conditions are prescribed. The weight functions are also redefined into a new set of weight functions which in number match with the number of redefined basis functions. The proposed method was applied to solve several examples of ninth order linear and nonlinear boundary value problems. The obtained numerical results were found to be in good agreement with the exact solutions available in the literature.

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The purpose of this paper is to systematically review evidence of existing ITS research that could be effective in mitigating current problems in City Logistics. We systematically searched the English and French languages literature indexed in Scopus (2010 to July 2018), including: Elsevier, ACM, Springer, and IEEE. We also added studies identified by experts up to July 2018. The study selection was descriptive and comparative studies and systematic reviews of Intelligent Transportation Systems. Therefore, we independently extracted information on ITS subsystem capabilities & development and technologies used. 56 studies met the inclusion criteria, some were in the research and development stage, while others have seen some measure of application or deployment. Most studies addressed Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS), Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) and Advanced Traveller Information Systems (ATIS). Data on efficiency measure, technologies used were mixed. Empirical cost data were limited. This study has a number of implications. Practitioners and researchers will gain a greater understanding of how ITS are carried out in developed countries and the type of challenges that have been addressed. Furthermore, the results provide insights about the research path, current technologies and future research directions in the field of ITS.

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In this paper, a microstrip fed circular monopole antenna with a trapezoid shaped ground plane is designed and fabricated for super wide band applications. In order to achieve ratio bandwidth greater than 10:1, a semi elliptical slit is introduced on the ground plane, along with the difference in length of microstrip line feed and length of ground plane. The measured reflection coefficient, VSWR, radiation pattern and peak gain are presented to validate the performance of antenna.

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The goal of this article is to establish, in order of priority, the choice of the workshop to be launched in a process of continuous improvement; based on a statistical study that will demonstrate the utility of applying the normal law on the Mean down Time (MDT) as an indicator of Lean maintenance. According to the distribution given by the statistical study of the latter, we will be apt to prioritize the starting of a workshop in particular among others (skills Development, SMED, VSM ...).

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The applications of magnetostrictive materials can be found in various disciplines. Due to their excellent actuation performance characteristics, magnetostrictive materials are employed as smart actuators in aerospace applications. As the technology of adaptive structures is favoring the use of smart actuators and sensors, magnetostrictive smart materials have justified their employment in morphing applications. The morphing aircraft technology presents new challenges in terms of actuation characteristics; these material actuators provide higher frequency and higher actuation efficiency. Also, the magnetostrictive materials can provide mechanisms both for actuation and sensing due to their property of bidirectional energy exchange between magnetic and elastic states. This paper presents an overview of magnetostrictive materials, their characteristic features and the applications with the aim to inspire morphing structures in aircraft. The challenges and trends in the applications of magnetostrictive materials have also been discussed.

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The article is devoted to the problem of water quality around irrigated soils. It was discovered that flushing of the fertile layer occurs on terrains near protected watersheds because of destroying irrigation procedures. The modernization of irrigation machines is suggested as a solution of the above-mentioned problem. The technological features of circle sprinkling machines (SM) in the conditions of complicated soil relief are defined by their supporting, tow-grip crossing capacity and slipping of carts on the slope. The operating results are given according to evaluation of SM work in difficult conditions with the picture of their changes in the diagram dependences. The above-mentioned devices help to create environmentally friendly and energy-saving solutions to enhance reliability of SM while watering sloping lands. The scientific conception as well as methods of searching for means and techniques of providing SM highly efficient work on complicated soil relief that stipulate its safe and qualitative maintenance together with reducing power and water consumption and costs for building irrigation systems are defined. The practical value of the work consists in the ability to use the investigation results for developing and creating SM modifications for complicated soil relief, for engineering by their means irrigation nets that altogether determine efficient usage of machines while reducing power and water consumption and providing soil friendly technologies of watering.

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In this article, a multi-agent based simulator has been designed for the predictive simulation of carbone dioxide (CO2) which is one of the principal greenhouse gases. The investigations have been conducted on the emissions and absorptions of CO2, from the main sources at the level of an urban center for sustainable development. All emitting and absorbing objects are considered as agents which are communicating with each other through messages. The designed architecture has been implemented in order to simulate the quantitative evolution of the concerned gas on different emission and absorption configurations. The multi-agent architecture presented is composed of agents from different horizons. The behavior of each agent depends on its mode of use or existence.

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Othello is a traditional game that can be trace back to year 1830s where the objective of the game is to have own pieces occupied the board. The board game has been declining rapidly as gaming technology getting more advances. This is because video games are preferred by the Gen-Z because it is more interactive. There are many electronic-software versions of this board game but the game popularity is still declining as the electronic-software version is not interactive and just a conversion of the board game. The objective of the development of electronic-hardware based of this board game is to give a twist of the old board game in which the user can have the feeling of playing a hardware board game and yet experienced the interactive of an electronic version (such as playing on smart phone app). The proposed schematic and flowchart are explained concisely. The simulation and actual results are presented and the finding shows that the E-OTHELLO performs as expected.

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The cloud radiative forcing (CRF) plays an important role in the climate system for physical, dynamical, chemical and biological processes. The CRF value effects the overall and the distribution of energy between the atmosphere and the surface. In this study, the CRF value is analyzed from one-layer to consider in two-layer cloud by adding the cloud between the top of atmosphere (TOA) and the cloud at one-layer. There are three experiment cases of long wave, shortwave and net two-layer cloud radiative forcing. The results show that the CRF value depends on cloud optical depth and cloud top altitude of each layer in case of long wave. The CRF value depends on only cloud optical depth of each layer on a case of shortwave. In net CRF, the CRF value depends on the cloud optical depth and cloud top altitude of each layer. The CRF value depends on the low-cloud more than high-cloud. For all cases, the results can be concluded that the CRF values of two-layers CRF model give the similar results compared with the radiative transfer model.

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This article presents the decrease of Young's modulus as a function of increasing temperature in two main zones: the industrial zone of which the temperature is below the glass temperature Tg = 110 ° C. and the thermoforming zone from which the temperature is above the same glass temperature. In the industrial zone, an experimental model namely static damage made it possible to distinguish three stages of damage. Therefore, be able to intervene in time for predictive maintenance. This study also includes a comparison between the static damage and damage by unified theory (theoretical). The comparison shows that the experimental damage is considered to be the most critical compared to theoretical. In the thermoforming zone, we adopted the same methods to follow the process of flow as a function of the temperature increase, based on the variation of Young's modulus. Likewise, we compared theoretical and experimental values which show that, unlike the previous zone, experimental damage in this area is less dangerous than the theoretical one for high loading levels.

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Load forecasting have been a significant area of research as well as it has been a critical problem in planning and operation of electric power generation. In order to predict electrical load, the technique load forecasting is immensely used in global world. In addition, for power system planning the integration of short term load forecasting has been significant. Based on electric generating company, it is significant for them to analyze the market load demand in order to produce accurate power specifically in the deregulated market. This research paper have used half-hourly load data that have been gathered for short-term load forecasting in order to develop an accurate model for New South Wales. The use of MATLAB tool box with the integration of multilayer feed forward neural network has been used. The training has been provided with the use of Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation in order to evaluate the result as well as performance of the model during testing, training and validation. The effectiveness of Mean Absolute Percentage Error has been also considered in the paper. The result illustrated that this method is highly accurate and simple with minimum error as well as can be used for short term load forecasting.

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In today’s high-tech demand-oriented society everything is getting faster and smaller. Proper selection of materials and their miniaturization has become very challenging. Composites, ceramics, glass and smart materials are becoming more and more popular because of their superiority over conventional materials but their miniaturization for particular applications is difficult. For a given study, Wire Electrical chemical discharge machining (WECDM) setup was developed to machine Quartz glass material. The experiments were performed for Material removal rate (MRR) and Width of Cut (WOC) for different governing input parameters using Taguchi design of experimentations. Optical microscope (OM) shows the fine cut 0.120mm width for 10mm depth. The results show the need for the secondary process to improve topography of machined surface and dependency of input parameters on the machining accuracy, aspect ratio, and surface finish.

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The study was aimed at choosing and substantiating efficient methods of calculating main roof-caving increments during mining of shallow coal seams with long breaking faces. For the conditions of the Vorkuta coal deposit in the Pechora coal basin, Russia, actual main roof-caving increments and calculated values obtained with the use of the methods used in the mines have been comparatively analyzed. The applied methods of calculating roof-caving increments have been analyzed, and the reasons for the discrepancy between the actual and calculated values of the roof-caving increments have been shown. The significant influence of breaking face advancing rate on the roof-caving increment has been shown. Recommendations have been given for the use of this method, with regard to the breaking face advancing rate, and the areas of further research have been determined.

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The applications of FRP-based polymers for improving concrete structures have been significantly growing during the recent years. The main cause for the aforesaid extension deals with the requirement for extending the life of the infrastructure and improving the infrastructure in all parts of the world. High hardness, low weight, corrosion resistance, easy and quick installation, greater flexibility in design, lower total cost (including time, materials and performance) than steel sheets are the important features of FRP. The efficiency of the FRP enclosure function deals with the compressive strength of the concrete feature, the material and thickness of the pin and the angle or direction of the fiber. The axial behavior and bearing capacity of the columns are a function of the stress level of the aggregate conglomeration. The type of fiber, the number of ply layers, the fiber positioning angle and the compressive strength of the concrete are important in the column behavior. The parameters investigated and studied in the present research were investigated the impact of type of fibers including GFRP and CFRP, number of polychromatic layers, pinch angle, concrete compression strength of samples, including 3 resistances of 20, 35, 50 MPa, as well as the adhesion pattern of fibers. Considering the aforesaid cause and objective, 23 samples of unconventional concrete cylinders with a diameter of 200 mm and a height of 600 mm including 10 samples with a zero-degree fiber orientation, 10 samples with different fiber positioning angles and 3 control samples were tested for comparison. Following the rounded specimens’ processing, they were subjected to a pure axial pressure test at a fixed rate of displacement through a hydraulic jack. The measured values in this work included axial stress, axial strain and lateral strain. Based on the results, the number of layers and its type bears a great impact on sample behavior. Based on the results, the amount of resistance, formability and absorbed energy of the samples increase with the polishing of the column. Plus the aforesaid, raising the angle of the fiber position relative to the horizon, results in decrease in the amount of resistance, absorbed energy, and formability.

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Drilling is a continuous machining process. Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. This forces the cutting edge against the work piece, cutting off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled. Various cutting tools are available for drilling, but the most common is the twist drill. Wide varieties of drill processes are available to serve different purposes such as drilling, reaming, boring, counter boring, counter sinking, spot facing, trepanning and under cutting. The objective of this project is to optimize and analyze the linear positioning table for drilling machine to make it more effective and perfect to function. Furthermore, the methods that can be used are by installing the screw on the based part of the linear positioning table for drilling machine. For this linear positioning table easy to use, the scale reading will be design on it so that operator will easily mark the desired measurement to be drill. A simple and safe design is proposed to optimize and analyze this project which is expected to function efficiently. In conclusion, this linear positioning table will be able to ease the operator work which the operator only needs to clamp once for the entire drilling process.

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Current harmonics and harmonic stresses are one of the common problems that occur in a power system that has a constituent component in the form of a non-linear load. Current harmonics and harmonic stresses can affect the stability of the power system itself and provide a bad impact on other electrical components, therefore a step that needs to be done to minimize the adverse effects of the case is one of them is by using a passive filter. In this study, the design of the High Pass Damped Filter model will be carried out using reference from the data obtained from measurements and simulations, so that it can be seen how much influence the high-pass damped filter can reduce the current and voltage harmonics contained in the system with the help of ETAP software to analyze filter design for FL-5 load on PL-LB / 2.

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Nowadays, battery life plays an important role in the productivity of a pacemaker. Whatever might be the case because soon after, a surgery needs to be carried out to replace those batteries. An alternative source for the power requirement for the implant has been discussed here wherein the power is generated using just the body movements, specifically area efficient diaphragm in this case. The voltage requirement for a pacemaker battery is around 2-3V hence by the use of piezo films made of PVDF, this range of power is obtained. The film array is placed on the thoracic region where normal breathing creates a scenario similar to that of the diaphragm.

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Nowadays, personnel tracking become a significant topic in terms of security, confinement, achievement and permission purposes. There is Global Positioning System which is popular and available for outdoor personnel tracking however it is restricted for indoor tracking. Currently, indoor tracking system only has the ability to track the location of personnel but not their direction of movement. When it comes to practical, the feature of tracking direction of movement can become one of the important features to get more accurate localization information. Besides, latency on getting location information of a person by asking around the people is not realistic as someone might lost the information to find their targeted person exact location. Thus, an indoor personnel tracking system is designed and implemented to track the not only the location but also the direction of movement and able to get the latest information through mobile application. The potentials of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and concept of Internet of Things (IoT) are applied into this system in order to improve the system performance by increasing the system throughput and decreasing the system cost. This system is implemented on FPGA DE1-SoC board by integrating with WiFi modules and Radio-frequency Identification (RFID) system. The system has the ability to add new client data onto FPGA memory for next time tracking purpose.

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The recycling of the solid wastes (such as rubber tire wastes) is one of the major problems that represent a global challenge with the large population growth due to their environmental impact. Reactive powder concrete (RPC) has gained worldwide attention due to its superior strength, notable deformation, and excellent durability. Due to the low permeability of reactive powder concrete, at elevated temperature, free water is prevented from escaping, causing a high internal pressure and leading to spalling. Thus, this study was executed to explore the behavior of reactive powder concrete made with rubber tire wastes (RW) as a partial replacement of fine aggregate (by volume) under elevated temperature. In addition to the control, nine RPC mixes divided into three groups were cast. The first group included replacing of aggregate with 15%, 25% and 50% of RW. Steel fibres in proportions 0.5%, 1% and 2% by weight of cement were used in the second group. In the third group, polypropylene fibres in the percentages 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% by volume of concrete were utilized. The fine aggregate for each mix in the second and third groups was substituted with 15% of RW. After 28 days of curing, the hardened specimens were air-dried and placed in a controlled oven. The considered temperature rates were 25, 200, 300 and 400 °C. The specimens remained at the target temperature for 2 hours then their behavior was observed by compressive strength, weight loss, ultrasonic pulse velocity and visual inspection tests. Results showed that RW reduced the compressive strength of RPC compared to plain specimens (without RW) at ambient temperature. At elevated temperature, it was revealed that all specimens were broken at 400 °C except for 50% substitution of rubber tire wastes which had noticeable residual strength.

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