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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences                           February 2021  |  Vol. 16  No. 3
   
Title: Evaluation of tetrabutylammonium bromide as a catalyst in polyanhydride synthesis for drug encapsulation
Author (s): María T. Acevedo, Roberto Santos, Álvaro Realpe
Abstract:

The use of tetrabutylammonium bromide as a catalyst was evaluated in polyanhydride synthesis from tridecanedioic and succinic acids to be used as controlled delivery system of drug. Polyanhydrides were synthesized for combinations of different molar ratio of tridecanedioic and succinic acids (25:75, 50:50, 75:25) by trough microwave radiation during 3 and 5 minutes, with and without catalyst. Intrinsic viscosity determined from single point measurements was highest for that polyanhydride synthesized from 75:25 molar ratio and 5 minutes of microwave radiation. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry showed polyanhydrides have high thermal stability, with melting temperature of 45.5 °C for the polyanhydride without catalyst and 61 °C for that obtained in the presence of the catalyst. The degradation capacity of the samples was evaluated by pH and temperature sensitivity, being the degradation higher in acid media (pH 7.4) at 42°C. Synthesized polyanhydrides have therefore a high potential to be used in the encapsulation of drugs.

   

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Title: Direct amidation of fatty alcohol and amino acid in organic solvent for the production of N-acyl arginine
Author (s): Zuhrina Masyithah, Siska Pardede, Andre C. B. Dharma and Armansyah Ginting
Abstract:

N-acyl arginine is a surfactant product based on fatty alcohol and the amino acid arginine. Direct amidation of dodecanol and arginine using organic solvents is one way to obtain N-acyl arginine. This study aimed to determine the relationship between variables to conversion, optimum reaction conditions, and the characteristics of the N-acyl arginine surfactant obtained. In this study, a preliminary study and optimization were carried out in which dodecanol, arginine, sodium methoxide, and tert-amyl alcohol were reacted to obtain the surfactant N-acyl arginine. Optimization research is carried out by reacting the substrate with a ratio of 1:1.32; 1:2; 1:3; 1:4; and 1:4.68, catalyst with a concentration of 1.64%; 3%; 5%; 7%, and 8.36%, as well as solvents with a ratio of 1:0.32; 1:1; 1:2; 1:3; and 1: 3.68, the reaction was carried out at 70oC for 3 hours at 350 rpm. The product will be analyzed by determining the acid number to obtain the percent conversion of N-acyl arginine, determining the saponification number to determine the value of Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance. The optimum conversion percentage obtained was 90% under the conditions of 4:1 substrate ratio, 3% catalyst concentration, and 3:1 solvent ratio. From the surfactant N-acyl arginine analysis, the acid number is 0.561, the saponification number is 0.4207, and the HLB value is 5.00.

   

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Title: Bioimaging analysis on colonic targeting form of xylan-mesalamine prodrug using advanced microscopic techniques
Author (s): D. R. Adhika, B. R. Praevina, A. L. Anindya and H. Rachmawati
Abstract:

Xylan could be applied as a drug targeting agent for colonic delivery due to the fact that the degradation of xylan occurs by the action of xylanases and xylosidases enzymes produced by bacteria in the colon. Xylan from pineapple stem waste was isolated and then conjugated with mesalamine (5-aminosalycylic acid/5-ASA), which is the golden standard drug for chronic colon inflammation [1], forming a prodrug as an attempt to lower the absorption as well as the release of the drug in the stomach and small intestine. Xylan-mesalamine prodrug was tested to treat rats that suffered colon inflammation caused by TNBS (2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) induction. The healing progress of the treated inflamed colon tissue after 15 days was evaluated by histopathological analysis using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Particularly, the tissue colon analysis using SEM is able to give a clearer insight of colon morphology due to the fact that higher magnification, as compared to that of LM, can be applied in SEM. Therefore, the superior healing effect of xylan-mesalamine prodrug on the treated colon tissue could be elucidated more clearly using SEM, showing that xylan-mesalamine prodrug give a better healing outcome of chronic colon inflammation treatment as compared to free mesalamine.

   

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Title: Acoustic modeling of Spark Arrestor for diesel engines
Author (s): Mohammed Ammar, Tamer Elnady, Tarek Osman and Waleed El-Sallamy
Abstract:

Diesel engines emit sparks as a result of breaking and burning of carbon deposition inside engine cylinders and exhaust system. Spark Arrestor plays a critical role in impeding the embers emission as it arrests and traps the embers and the sparks inside it. The objective of this paper is to Design, Model, and Simulate Spark Arrestors in terms of Acoustic Performance. Two models of Spark Arrestors were selected; one Commercial and a newly developed centrifugal Spark Arrestor. The Acoustics design and Simulations were performed using two port theory where, the Spark Arrestor models are limited to the plane wave range. These models were implemented in SIDLAB software for simulating the propagation of low frequency Sound and air flow in Ducts. The theoretical modeling for the two models was shown to be matched with the experimental verification in terms of transmission loss within 92% to 98%, and in terms of pressure drop within 86% to 99%.

   

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Title: IOT based portable artificial electronic olfactory system for the safety of manual scavengers
Author (s): K. G. Shanthi, S. Sesha Vidhya, B. Keerthi, S. Manimegalai, A. Nisha and B. R. Niviya
Abstract:

In this paper, we intend to produce a safety system for manual scavengers. Unminding “Prohibition of manual scavengers and their rehabilitation act”,2013,there are still many private organizations across the Indian states, hire labourers for very low cost of around 1.5k whereas cleaning process abiding law and using equipments like suction tanks, cleaning robots, sewer lorries would cost around 5k for the same task. The ultimate reason for such violation of act is the monetary factor on both sides. When such manual scavengers are exposed to gases like methane, ammonia, hydrogen disulphide etc., which are present inside the manhole, drainage or sewage system, they encounter many health troubles. Few of them include breathlessness, fatigue, bacterial and viral invasion, infections, loss of consciousness and ultimately death in worst case. During such times, the labourers will not be in line of sight and as all happens in sudden, the victim cannot intimate the supervisors above and as a result, they go unconscious. If not rescued within time, the victim dies. In order to prevent this from happening, we propose a safety system that continuously monitors the toxic gas levels, heart rate of the subject and the respiratory rate. If anything abnormal detected, the system immediately triggers buzzer, an alert message that can be seen by the supervisor above using IoT. This in turn helps rescue faster, so that the victim can be hospitalized before the vitals goes extremely down. The application of the system is flexible so that it can be used in detection of other gases by modulating the program accordingly and setting the required threshold.

   

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Title: Evaluation of the elasticity module in subbases modified with HDPE, through simulated CBR tests with FEM
Author (s): Jackson Andres Gil H., Maria Paula Ramos and Carolina Gaviria Puentes
Abstract:

Despite the limitations of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, this test is currently one of the most widely used experimental procedures to define the quality of materials in pavement design. Several investigations have sought to correlate CBR with parameters used in pavement design, but to date there are few investigations aimed at correlating the stiffness of modified sub-bases with High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), with the value of CBR. The purpose of this article is to correlate the modulus of elasticity (E) of a modified granular subbase with different percentages of HDPE, with the results of CBR tests. To define this correlation, the Finite Element Method (FEM) calibration was carried out in the Plaxis program, simulating the CBR tests carried out on modified subbases. The calibration of the parameters was carried out through a retrospective analysis, where the stress-strain curves obtained in the CBR tests were compared with those determined by the numerical model. Finally, this research performed an analysis of the stress distribution on the sample during the CBR test, and proposes a relationship between the CBR and the elasticity modulus.

   

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Title: Expert system for the characterization of the design of a photo-voltaic and wind energy generation system
Author (s): Jesús D. Quintero Polanco, Jorge A. Nogales and Omar Sebastián Sabogal
Abstract:

Taking as an initiative the energy needs that are presented in Colombia due to population growth and the possible solutions that higher education institution can provide, the idea of creating a tool to characterize or validate designs of alternative energy obtaining systems is born. This work presents the realization of an expert system with which the characterization of the design of photo-voltaic and wind power generation systems is achieved. This expert system evaluates the feasibility of implementing a photo-voltaic or wind system to obtain energy at certain sites in the national territory based on specific data such as the location of the future project and the amount of energy that needs to be generated. Once the viability of the project is determined, the expert system delivers the design of the necessary implements, features and a final project price. Motivated by the boom presented by mobile applications today and the versatility that these can provide the realization of this project is based on the integrated development environment of Android Studio to achieve the visualization of the expert system from a mobile application. The expert system will be divided into two parts, one will be the consultation environment, in this we will find the interface designed for interaction with the user and a second development part where the knowledge base consisting of two main algorithms will be stored which is made the decision making for each of the systems of obtaining energy.

   

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Title: Marshall characteristics of AC-WC mixture with the addition of anti-flaking additives
Author (s): Parea R. Rangan and M. Tumpu
Abstract:

The use of additive Wetfix-Be additives in concrete asphalt mixture is an effort to improve the quality of the asphalt pavement. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the use of the additive Wetfix-Be additive to the performance of asphalt concrete wearing course mixture (AC-WC). This research uses asphalt penetration 60/70 with variations in asphalt content of 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0% and 6.5%. Gradations are used based on the specifications required by the Department of Public Works of the Director General of Highways, so that the composition of aggregates for the mixture is obtained: coarse aggregate 37.26%, fine aggregate 18.89% and filler 6.37%. The test was carried out using the standard Marshall and Marshall Immersion methods. The results showed that the optimum bitumen content was 5.5% with Marshall stability values of 1579 kg (> 800 kg), VIM 4.82% (3% -5%) VMA 15.29% (> 15%), VFB 68.48 % (> 65%), Flow 4.23 mm (2-4 mm), MQ 381 kg/mm (> 250 kg/mm) and Immersion Index (IP) 94% (> 90%).

   

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Title: Failure detection and diagnosis system for instrumentation in steam generators hybridizing fuzzy logic and systematic methodologies
Author (s): José Luis López-Prado, Ramón Álvarez-López and José Araque-Gallardo
Abstract:

In complex industrial processes, such as a thermo-electric generator, shutdowns of non-scheduled plants occur due to faults in the process and the instruments that make up the automation system, which affects production and become economic losses for the company. Added to this, the need to improve productivity, successful decision making, and the requirement to seek mechanisms to maintain high levels of reliability and safety have created the need to effectively implement modern methodologies of maintenance, reliability and detection and diagnosis systems. In this article, a system of detection and diagnosis of faults is presented, hybridizing diffuse logic and systematic methodologies. Systematic methodologies are used in order to determine which instruments have the greatest impact of failures to optimize human, economic, physical and technological resources when implementing the diffuse detection and fault diagnosis system.

   

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Title: Comparative evaluation of methods for determination of hydrogen and non-metallic inclusions content in aluminum alloys
Author (s): Bogdanova T. A., Merkulova G. A., Gilmanshina T. R., Kosovich A. A., Lytkina S. I., Cheglakov A. V. and Antonov M. M.
Abstract:

Aluminum and its alloys are widely used in various branches of modern industry with special requirements for the construction materials used. Hydrogen and oxygen are gases, the impurities of which are in solid and liquid metals in solution or in the form of inclusions of excess phases. Gaseous compounds of hydrogen and oxygen are sorbed on metal surface as a result of physical absorption processes, dissociate into atoms, and accumulate on structural defects. When the impurity concentration exceeds the solubility at a given temperature, a secondary solid solution is formed. Hydrogen is one of the most significant gas impurities, which has a negative effect on the technological properties of products made of aluminum and its alloys. Hydrogen dissolved in solidified metal contributes to formation of gas and gas-shrinkage porosity, which increases with increasing hydrogen concentration. Therefore, the essence of this study is to compare different methods for determining hydrogen, which is especially important in the production of aluminum cast parts. The experimental part was carried out on samples of AK12 alloy (DIN AlSi11, ISO AlSi12).

   

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Title: Evaluation of PON network with utilization fiber G.652.B
Author (s): Petr Ivaniga and Tomáš Ivaniga
Abstract:

This article is devoted to the measurement and analysis of passive optical networks PON (Passive Optical Network) with and without utilization PLC (Planar Light wave Circuit) splitter. The real network simulation is done as a prevention of complications in the final construction of optical network, which is designed for specific user requirements. The article describes connections between two campuses. These buildings are connected by single mode fiber G.652.B (320 m) terminated with E2000 / APC and optical splitter (PLC) with the ratio of 1:8 and insertion loss of 10.8 dB. Main contribution of this paper was comparison of the difference between measured parameters of optical networks and demonstration when it is better to use an optical splitter, and when it is better to connect the fiber directly.

   

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Title: Finding the waterfront radius in waterflood projects from well test interpretation
Author (s): Freddy Humberto Escobar, Angela Maria Palomino and Daniel Suescún-Díaz

Abstract:

Determination of the radius on the invasion front is important for appropriate management of waterflood projects. Currently, there is no analytical technique available for such purpose and the only way to be performed is by means of commercial well test software by reading the position of the investigation radius on the computer screen. Several models have been presented in the literature to account for pressure behavior on injection and falloff tests. In this work, one of the models is taken to study pressure and pressure derivative behavior so expressions to find the invasion front position are developed by detecting characteristic points and features on the pressure derivative versus time log-log plot, following the philosophy of the TDS Technique. Equations for the straight-line conventional analysis are also developed. The equations of both techniques are successfully verified on synthetic examples.

   

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