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ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences
February 2021 | Vol. 16 No.
3 |
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Title: |
Evaluation of tetrabutylammonium bromide
as a catalyst in polyanhydride synthesis for drug encapsulation |
Author (s): |
María T. Acevedo, Roberto Santos, Álvaro
Realpe |
Abstract: |
The
use of tetrabutylammonium bromide as a catalyst was evaluated in
polyanhydride synthesis from tridecanedioic and succinic acids to be
used as controlled delivery system of drug. Polyanhydrides were
synthesized for combinations of different molar ratio of tridecanedioic
and succinic acids (25:75, 50:50, 75:25) by trough microwave radiation
during 3 and 5 minutes, with and without catalyst. Intrinsic viscosity
determined from single point measurements was highest for that
polyanhydride synthesized from 75:25 molar ratio and 5 minutes of
microwave radiation. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential
scanning calorimetry showed polyanhydrides have high thermal stability,
with melting temperature of 45.5 °C for the polyanhydride without
catalyst and 61 °C for that obtained in the presence of the catalyst.
The degradation capacity of the samples was evaluated by pH and
temperature sensitivity, being the degradation higher in acid media (pH
7.4) at 42°C. Synthesized polyanhydrides have therefore a high potential
to be used in the encapsulation of drugs. |
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Title: |
Direct amidation of fatty alcohol and
amino acid in organic solvent for the production of N-acyl arginine |
Author (s): |
Zuhrina Masyithah, Siska Pardede, Andre C.
B. Dharma and Armansyah Ginting |
Abstract: |
N-acyl
arginine is a surfactant product based on fatty alcohol and the amino
acid arginine. Direct amidation of dodecanol and arginine using organic
solvents is one way to obtain N-acyl arginine. This study aimed to
determine the relationship between variables to conversion, optimum
reaction conditions, and the characteristics of the N-acyl arginine
surfactant obtained. In this study, a preliminary study and optimization
were carried out in which dodecanol, arginine, sodium methoxide, and
tert-amyl alcohol were reacted to obtain the surfactant N-acyl arginine.
Optimization research is carried out by reacting the substrate with a
ratio of 1:1.32; 1:2; 1:3; 1:4; and 1:4.68, catalyst with a
concentration of 1.64%; 3%; 5%; 7%, and 8.36%, as well as solvents with
a ratio of 1:0.32; 1:1; 1:2; 1:3; and 1: 3.68, the reaction was carried
out at 70oC for 3 hours at 350 rpm. The product will be analyzed by
determining the acid number to obtain the percent conversion of N-acyl
arginine, determining the saponification number to determine the value
of Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance. The optimum conversion percentage
obtained was 90% under the conditions of 4:1 substrate ratio, 3%
catalyst concentration, and 3:1 solvent ratio. From the surfactant N-acyl
arginine analysis, the acid number is 0.561, the saponification number
is 0.4207, and the HLB value is 5.00. |
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Title: |
Bioimaging analysis on colonic targeting
form of xylan-mesalamine prodrug using advanced microscopic techniques |
Author (s): |
D. R. Adhika, B. R. Praevina, A. L.
Anindya and H. Rachmawati |
Abstract: |
Xylan
could be applied as a drug targeting agent for colonic delivery due to
the fact that the degradation of xylan occurs by the action of xylanases
and xylosidases enzymes produced by bacteria in the colon. Xylan from
pineapple stem waste was isolated and then conjugated with mesalamine
(5-aminosalycylic acid/5-ASA), which is the golden standard drug for
chronic colon inflammation [1], forming a prodrug as an attempt to lower
the absorption as well as the release of the drug in the stomach and
small intestine. Xylan-mesalamine prodrug was tested to treat rats that
suffered colon inflammation caused by TNBS (2, 4,
6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) induction. The healing progress of the
treated inflamed colon tissue after 15 days was evaluated by
histopathological analysis using light microscope (LM) and scanning
electron microscope (SEM). Particularly, the tissue colon analysis using
SEM is able to give a clearer insight of colon morphology due to the
fact that higher magnification, as compared to that of LM, can be
applied in SEM. Therefore, the superior healing effect of
xylan-mesalamine prodrug on the treated colon tissue could be elucidated
more clearly using SEM, showing that xylan-mesalamine prodrug give a
better healing outcome of chronic colon inflammation treatment as
compared to free mesalamine. |
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Title: |
Acoustic modeling of Spark Arrestor for
diesel engines |
Author (s): |
Mohammed Ammar, Tamer Elnady, Tarek Osman
and Waleed El-Sallamy |
Abstract: |
Diesel engines emit sparks as a result of breaking and burning of carbon
deposition inside engine cylinders and exhaust system. Spark Arrestor
plays a critical role in impeding the embers emission as it arrests and
traps the embers and the sparks inside it. The objective of this paper
is to Design, Model, and Simulate Spark Arrestors in terms of Acoustic
Performance. Two models of Spark Arrestors were selected; one Commercial
and a newly developed centrifugal Spark Arrestor. The Acoustics design
and Simulations were performed using two port theory where, the Spark
Arrestor models are limited to the plane wave range. These models were
implemented in SIDLAB software for simulating the propagation of low
frequency Sound and air flow in Ducts. The theoretical modeling for the
two models was shown to be matched with the experimental verification in
terms of transmission loss within 92% to 98%, and in terms of pressure
drop within 86% to 99%. |
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Title: |
IOT based portable artificial electronic
olfactory system for the safety of manual scavengers |
Author (s): |
K. G. Shanthi, S. Sesha Vidhya, B. Keerthi,
S. Manimegalai, A. Nisha and B. R. Niviya |
Abstract: |
In
this paper, we intend to produce a safety system for manual scavengers.
Unminding “Prohibition of manual scavengers and their rehabilitation
act”,2013,there are still many private organizations across the Indian
states, hire labourers for very low cost of around 1.5k whereas cleaning
process abiding law and using equipments like suction tanks, cleaning
robots, sewer lorries would cost around 5k for the same task. The
ultimate reason for such violation of act is the monetary factor on both
sides. When such manual scavengers are exposed to gases like methane,
ammonia, hydrogen disulphide etc., which are present inside the manhole,
drainage or sewage system, they encounter many health troubles. Few of
them include breathlessness, fatigue, bacterial and viral invasion,
infections, loss of consciousness and ultimately death in worst case.
During such times, the labourers will not be in line of sight and as all
happens in sudden, the victim cannot intimate the supervisors above and
as a result, they go unconscious. If not rescued within time, the victim
dies. In order to prevent this from happening, we propose a safety
system that continuously monitors the toxic gas levels, heart rate of
the subject and the respiratory rate. If anything abnormal detected, the
system immediately triggers buzzer, an alert message that can be seen by
the supervisor above using IoT. This in turn helps rescue faster, so
that the victim can be hospitalized before the vitals goes extremely
down. The application of the system is flexible so that it can be used
in detection of other gases by modulating the program accordingly and
setting the required threshold. |
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Title: |
Evaluation of the elasticity module in
subbases modified with HDPE, through simulated CBR tests with FEM |
Author (s): |
Jackson Andres Gil H., Maria Paula Ramos
and Carolina Gaviria Puentes |
Abstract: |
Despite the limitations of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, this
test is currently one of the most widely used experimental procedures to
define the quality of materials in pavement design. Several
investigations have sought to correlate CBR with parameters used in
pavement design, but to date there are few investigations aimed at
correlating the stiffness of modified sub-bases with High-Density
Polyethylene (HDPE), with the value of CBR. The purpose of this article
is to correlate the modulus of elasticity (E) of a modified granular
subbase with different percentages of HDPE, with the results of CBR
tests. To define this correlation, the Finite Element Method (FEM)
calibration was carried out in the Plaxis program, simulating the CBR
tests carried out on modified subbases. The calibration of the
parameters was carried out through a retrospective analysis, where the
stress-strain curves obtained in the CBR tests were compared with those
determined by the numerical model. Finally, this research performed an
analysis of the stress distribution on the sample during the CBR test,
and proposes a relationship between the CBR and the elasticity modulus. |
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Title: |
Expert system for the characterization of
the design of a photo-voltaic and wind energy generation system |
Author (s): |
Jesús D. Quintero Polanco, Jorge A.
Nogales and Omar Sebastián Sabogal |
Abstract: |
Taking as an initiative the energy needs that are presented in Colombia
due to population growth and the possible solutions that higher
education institution can provide, the idea of creating a tool to
characterize or validate designs of alternative energy obtaining systems
is born. This work presents the realization of an expert system with
which the characterization of the design of photo-voltaic and wind power
generation systems is achieved. This expert system evaluates the
feasibility of implementing a photo-voltaic or wind system to obtain
energy at certain sites in the national territory based on specific data
such as the location of the future project and the amount of energy that
needs to be generated. Once the viability of the project is determined,
the expert system delivers the design of the necessary implements,
features and a final project price. Motivated by the boom presented by
mobile applications today and the versatility that these can provide the
realization of this project is based on the integrated development
environment of Android Studio to achieve the visualization of the expert
system from a mobile application. The expert system will be divided into
two parts, one will be the consultation environment, in this we will
find the interface designed for interaction with the user and a second
development part where the knowledge base consisting of two main
algorithms will be stored which is made the decision making for each of
the systems of obtaining energy. |
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Title: |
Marshall characteristics of AC-WC mixture
with the addition of anti-flaking additives |
Author (s): |
Parea R. Rangan and M. Tumpu |
Abstract: |
The
use of additive Wetfix-Be additives in concrete asphalt mixture is an
effort to improve the quality of the asphalt pavement. The aim of this
study was to analyze the effect of the use of the additive Wetfix-Be
additive to the performance of asphalt concrete wearing course mixture
(AC-WC). This research uses asphalt penetration 60/70 with variations in
asphalt content of 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0% and 6.5%. Gradations are used
based on the specifications required by the Department of Public Works
of the Director General of Highways, so that the composition of
aggregates for the mixture is obtained: coarse aggregate 37.26%, fine
aggregate 18.89% and filler 6.37%. The test was carried out using the
standard Marshall and Marshall Immersion methods. The results showed
that the optimum bitumen content was 5.5% with Marshall stability values
of 1579 kg (> 800 kg), VIM 4.82% (3% -5%) VMA 15.29% (> 15%), VFB 68.48
% (> 65%), Flow 4.23 mm (2-4 mm), MQ 381 kg/mm (> 250 kg/mm) and
Immersion Index (IP) 94% (> 90%). |
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Title: |
Failure detection and diagnosis system for
instrumentation in steam generators hybridizing fuzzy logic and
systematic methodologies |
Author (s): |
José Luis López-Prado, Ramón Álvarez-López
and José Araque-Gallardo |
Abstract: |
In
complex industrial processes, such as a thermo-electric generator,
shutdowns of non-scheduled plants occur due to faults in the process and
the instruments that make up the automation system, which affects
production and become economic losses for the company. Added to this,
the need to improve productivity, successful decision making, and the
requirement to seek mechanisms to maintain high levels of reliability
and safety have created the need to effectively implement modern
methodologies of maintenance, reliability and detection and diagnosis
systems. In this article, a system of detection and diagnosis of faults
is presented, hybridizing diffuse logic and systematic methodologies.
Systematic methodologies are used in order to determine which
instruments have the greatest impact of failures to optimize human,
economic, physical and technological resources when implementing the
diffuse detection and fault diagnosis system. |
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Title: |
Comparative evaluation of methods for
determination of hydrogen and non-metallic inclusions content in
aluminum alloys |
Author (s): |
Bogdanova T. A., Merkulova G. A.,
Gilmanshina T. R., Kosovich A. A., Lytkina S. I., Cheglakov A. V. and
Antonov M. M. |
Abstract: |
Aluminum and its alloys are widely used in various branches of modern
industry with special requirements for the construction materials used.
Hydrogen and oxygen are gases, the impurities of which are in solid and
liquid metals in solution or in the form of inclusions of excess phases.
Gaseous compounds of hydrogen and oxygen are sorbed on metal surface as
a result of physical absorption processes, dissociate into atoms, and
accumulate on structural defects. When the impurity concentration
exceeds the solubility at a given temperature, a secondary solid
solution is formed. Hydrogen is one of the most significant gas
impurities, which has a negative effect on the technological properties
of products made of aluminum and its alloys. Hydrogen dissolved in
solidified metal contributes to formation of gas and gas-shrinkage
porosity, which increases with increasing hydrogen concentration.
Therefore, the essence of this study is to compare different methods for
determining hydrogen, which is especially important in the production of
aluminum cast parts. The experimental part was carried out on samples of
AK12 alloy (DIN AlSi11, ISO AlSi12). |
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Title: |
Evaluation of PON network with utilization
fiber G.652.B |
Author (s): |
Petr Ivaniga and Tomáš Ivaniga |
Abstract: |
This
article is devoted to the measurement and analysis of passive optical
networks PON (Passive Optical Network) with and without utilization PLC
(Planar Light wave Circuit) splitter. The real network simulation is
done as a prevention of complications in the final construction of
optical network, which is designed for specific user requirements. The
article describes connections between two campuses. These buildings are
connected by single mode fiber G.652.B (320 m) terminated with E2000 /
APC and optical splitter (PLC) with the ratio of 1:8 and insertion loss
of 10.8 dB. Main contribution of this paper was comparison of the
difference between measured parameters of optical networks and
demonstration when it is better to use an optical splitter, and when it
is better to connect the fiber directly. |
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Title: |
Finding the waterfront radius in
waterflood projects from well test interpretation |
Author (s): |
Freddy Humberto Escobar, Angela Maria
Palomino and Daniel Suescún-Díaz |
Abstract: |
Determination of the radius on the invasion front is important for
appropriate management of waterflood projects. Currently, there is no
analytical technique available for such purpose and the only way to be
performed is by means of commercial well test software by reading the
position of the investigation radius on the computer screen. Several
models have been presented in the literature to account for pressure
behavior on injection and falloff tests. In this work, one of the models
is taken to study pressure and pressure derivative behavior so
expressions to find the invasion front position are developed by
detecting characteristic points and features on the pressure derivative
versus time log-log plot, following the philosophy of the TDS Technique.
Equations for the straight-line conventional analysis are also
developed. The equations of both techniques are successfully verified on
synthetic examples. |
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