The mixing of liquids and fluids is one of the most significant industrial processes. Static mixers are also known as mixers which are having fewer moving components and are known as motionless mixers. These kinds of mixers are very efficient devices that are very effective and efficient used for mixing both multiphase and single-phase fluids. One of the objectives in using the static mixers is less energy consumption by avoiding complicated and expensive processes. The conventional mixers which are having moving parts such as impellers are subjected to frequent failure due to corrosion and fatigue failures. Hence in this research work, a motionless type static mixing nozzle has been developed. The developed static mixing nozzle consists of Convergent and divergent sections and a spraying nozzle is inserted into the convergent portion to spray the water to be treated. With a gradual increase in the utilization of static mixers in several industrial operations, it is necessary to accomplish higher mixing efficiency. Mixing performance has been enhanced by designing and developing a new type of static mixing nozzle. For investigations purpose, the internal geometry such as convergent angle, throat length, and distance between the spray nozzle potions to the entrance of the throat is kept variable. The spray nozzle position can be adjusted concerning the entrance of the throat by using a threaded portion connected to the convergent nozzle. The main objective of this research is to improve the mixing performance of static mixers by incorporating design modification to the internal geometry. Various geometry of mixing nozzle was selected and the experiments were conducted by varying the position of spraying nozzle from 50 mm to 70 mm, convergent angle (Cone angle) as 20°C to 25°C, and the throat length from 147 mm to 174 mm. During the experiments, the pH value, turbidity, conductivity, and concentration of mixed fluid were measured and analysed. The results of the experiments revealed that the static mixer geometry such as cone angle, throat length, position of spay nozzle can enhance the mixing effectiveness and can be used in water treatment plants.

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The work was aimed to determine the characteristics of jackfruit seeds and investigate the effect of chitosan and sorbitol on the physicochemical properties of bioplastics. Bioplastics were prepared from jackfruit seed starch and reinforced with chitosan with composition ratio were 7: 3, 8: 2 and 9: 1 (w/w) and using sorbitol as plasticizer with variation of 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, and 0.40 (v/w of starch). The jackfruit seed starch has water content 6.04%, ash content 1.08%, protein content 4.68%, fat content 0.54%, starch content 70.22% with amylose content 16.39% and amylopectin content 53.83%. Gelatinization profil of jackfruit seed starch was performed by rapid visco analyzer (RVA). The starch began to gelatinize at temperature of 88.82 oC. Physical properties of bioplastic were tested through density, water uptake and FT-IR analysis. It was observed that the density increased as the amount of the chitosan increased but the water uptake decreased and indicated an increase for the OH group and the group NH on bioplastics due to the addition of chitosan and sorbitol. The best conditions of bioplastics obtained at a ratio of starch: chitosan (w/w) = 8: 2 and the concentration of plasticizer sorbitol 25% with tensile strength 13.524 MPa, elongation at break 14.67%, and modulus young 92.188 MPa. The analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showing bioplastic has a smooth fracture surface and slightly hollow compare to bioplastic without fillers chitosan and plasticizer sorbitol.

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For many years, crusher design concepts have been invented worldwide that purposely crush the used beverage containers to reduce their volume and increase storage bins. However, the developed crusher design concepts present the respective invention without considering sustainability concerns regarding the three pillars; environment, economic and social impact throughout the product life cycle. Therefore, this paper proposes a study on how crusher design concepts are selected regarding sustainable perspective using the Weighted Decision Matrix (WDM) approach. The WDM analysis has been conducted on the selected three crusher design concepts from previous researchers: motor-operated crusher, mechanical crusher, and pneumatic crusher. The result from this study shows that the pneumatic crusher had scored the highest rating compared to the other design concepts and was suggested as a potential sustainable product for the future development direction. This selection method serves as helpful information for product designers to select suitable design concepts based on multiple criteria and verifies the suggested sustainable crusher product.

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Solar energy applications are always attracting the scientific community all over the world for offsetting fossil-fuel based energy. One of the popular way is to utilize photovoltaic (PV) modules for harnessing solar energy. The power yields from solar panels are badly affected by temperature increase during outdoor operations. Therefore, the methods to maintain temperatures as low as possible are widely being investigated. In this research work, a number of techniques has been investigated for two traditional PV modules; one is polycrystalline silicon (Poly-Si) and the other monocrystalline silicon (Mono-Si). An experimental setup has been developed and installed on the roof-top of an academic building in our university. For measuring different parameters to evaluate power output and temperatures, a data logging device was designed and fabricated using a ESP 32 microprocessor and different sensors (current, voltage and temperature). A number of experimental runs in outdoor conditions was carried out on mostly sunny days. The power output of the Mono-Si module (50W) for the water cooling method reaches its maximum with a value of 48W at lower module temperatures (~30 °C) and an efficiency of 17.8 percent. Efficiency of the Mono-Si and Poly-Si modules are found to degrade at a rate of 0.04-0.11 and 0.05-0.13%/°C, respectively.

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Protecting the data circulated through the various means of communication, whether the data is secret text messages or secret colored images, is very important to prevent intruders from eavesdropping on confidential data. In this paper research a method based on LSB will be introduced to be used easily for data steganography. The method will adds a hard to attack private key, this key will be generated as a result of cover image decomposition and image segments rearrangement, and it will be used to reproduce the cover image by replacing the cover image segments. The proposed method will control the data hiding capacity and adding a capability of hiding text messages and huge color images at the same time.

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The Colombian platinic alluvium metal contains platinum, iridium, osmium and palladium. Iridium and osmium confer a refractory condition that makes the leaching of the alluvium very difficult. This is the first aspect to be solved in the development of a refining process. Acid microwave-assisted leaching offers a higher leaching rate with high recovery levels, so it seems a possible way to solve this problem. A low-cost reactor to microwave-assisted leaching process has been designed using section VIII ASME code, comparison with commercial reactors and both SolidWorks and Ces-Edupack CAE. The 180 ml reactor was design take in account a high pressure of 8.3 MPa (1200 psi), 180°C temperature, chemical resistance to aqua regia, hydrochloric and hydro nitric acid and ergonomic and safety demands.

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A two-stage operational amplifier is designed in this paper by using artificial bee colony algorithm. The aim is to minimize the MOS transistor size by using artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to allow automated synthesis of analog systems. This proposed methodology is used to find the optimal dimensional parameters (length and width) in order to obtain operational amplifier performances for analog CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) based circuit applications. A few parameters are considered in this study, direct current (DC), unity-gain bandwidth (GBW), phase margin (PM), power consumption (P), slew rate (SR), and area (A) using the MATLAB optimization toolbox to implement the program. Also, by using variables obtained from ABC algorithm, the two-stage operational amplifier is simulated by using cadence virtuoso spectra circuit simulator in standard GPDK 180nm CMOS technology. A good agreement is observed between the program optimization and electric simulation.

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Most studies regarding hot mix asphalts (HMA) are carried out with the purpose of evaluating their short-term mechanical resistance (in their initial state, just manufactured in the laboratory). However, the mechanical parameters of said mixes change when they age. This study carried out an experimental phase aimed at evaluating the effects of aging in mechanical resistance (under monotonic and cyclic load), moisture damage resistance and abrasion resistance of an HMA. For this purpose, Marshall, Indirect Tensile Strength, resilient modulus, permanent deformation, fatigue and Cantabro tests were performed. In order to simulate mix aging, STOA (Short Term Oven Aging) and LTOA (Long Term Oven Aging) processes were carried out as described according to the AASHTO R30 specification. A general conclusion drawn through the study is that when the HMA mix ages, it increases its resistance under monotonic and cyclic load, where it can be considered to have a good performance under certain conditions (e.g., high temperature climates and in pavements with thick asphalt layers). However, in regards to aspects associated to durability, the HMA can display undesirable behaviors (reduction of moisture damage resistance and abrasion resistance).

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This paper discusses the development of a car seat alert system through telegram application to design and develop a car seat alert system for babies that have been left in vehicles and get heatstroke deaths. This type of accident is called vehicular heatstroke and it is very dangerous to a baby because their body overheats 3-5 times faster than an adult body. Plus, the inside of a vehicle is heating up very quickly and it very concerns parents to bring their child to travel using car. Nowadays, heatstroke deaths of children in vehicles are quite encouraging and every year the number of cases is increasing. In an overwhelming majority of child vehicular heatstroke deaths, it was loving, responsible parents that unknowingly left the child. This project was created to inform and alert the parents out there when they might forget their child is left under any circumstances. To make sure this project system is more practical, NodeMCU is used as a microcontroller to control all the input and output devices in this system. As to alert parents when this carelessness is happening the LED and Buzzer are provided in this system. Apart from that, LCD is used to display the presence of the child at the seat and temperature value inside. GPS module is used to give the location to inform the driver that the child was been left in the car. As to ensure the goals stated will be achieved, significant research has been made thoroughly that will act as references throughout these studies for this project.

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The ability to lift a ball buoy is the resilience of a buoy unit to maintain itself to float above the water surface, so that it can be used as a barrier device between regions, knowing the height of surface water waves, early detection and so on. Spherical floats are hollow circular buoys with the inner chamber having air space as a buoy to avoid sinking. By giving mass of air inside the buoy, it will provide the ability of a buoy to maintain itself above the water surface. With the less air contained in the float cavity, will give less ability to defend itself above the water surface. Composite buoys are an easy, inexpensive and effective way to obtain buoys shaped with materials owned by nature around us. Making buoys using composites is an effective and efficient way, as well as providing great added value in utilizing leaf waste around us.

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As the exact solution of lateral torsional buckling of elastic prismatic beams is practically limited to the simple case of simply supported beam under equal end moments, other loading conditions and boundary conditions require more practical solutions of the problem. Finite element analysis using linear elements (beam elements) is formulated for lateral torsional buckling of beams bent about their symmetric major axis. Finite element development shows that the characteristic equation is function of the square of the critical moment which indicates that for symmetric beams, the critical moment is independent of the sign of the applied moment. This development indicates that lateral torsional buckling of beams is analogous to the frequency analysis of beams which is also independent of the vibration direction as the frequency also appears squared in the characteristic equations. Using the classical polynomial shape functions for beams, finite element method proves to be extremely accurate, efficient, and simple to apply for analysis of lateral torsional buckling of beams. Comparison with code approximate methods, finite element method, FEM, proves to offer more uniform factor of safety (reliability index) across various cases of loading schemes and boundary conditions.

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Tremendous research is going on in healthcare and monitoring systems to develop the quality of Bio-signal Acquisition systems. Analog front end bio-amplifier circuit is a crucial part of the system used to amplify the desired bio-signal in a suitable low-frequency range by consuming some amount of power. It is very challenging to design a high gain operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with ultra-low power consumption for wearable and implantable devices due to the limit of heat dissipation for protecting the tissues. Hence, this work proposes a Tunnel FET (TFET) device for designing a two-stage OTA because MOSFETs have a sub-threshold swing (SS) limitation of 60 mV/decade. TFET has the advantage of distinctive steep slope characteristics with SS value of less than 60 mV/decade. It provides a high ON-drive current and makes the OTA performance more energy-efficient, especially in ultra-low power and low voltage applications. The TFET based OTA with RC feedback network for the neural amplifier is proposed. The cadence spectre simulated results show a closed-loop gain of 44 dB in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 2.5 kHz with a low power consumption of 3.6 nW with 0.45 V supply voltage.

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The global asymptotic stability is considered in the model of rice blast disease under the difference of rice cultivar susceptibility, virulence of fungus and growth stage of rice. A new global as-ymptotic stability criterion of equilibrium point for susceptible-exposed-infections-recovered (SEIR) epidemic model is derived by constructing a suitable function. Then, this research shows the points of free-disease equilibrium and endemic equilibrium to be able to apply for study on the preparation to prevent the rice blast disease or plan rice planting.

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In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), a mixture of Real-Time (RT) and Non-RT (NRT) packets are not effectively handled with different level of traffic class priorities due to its limited bandwidth allocation. This causes congestion through the network that leads high packet delay and less throughput. To effectively handle these packets and avoid congestion, a Combined Traffic, Bandwidth and Congestion Adaptive Rate Control (CTBCARC) algorithm has been designed that considers the Difference of Differential Rate (DDR) of a specified node including the joint notions of the traffic class priority, the proper bandwidth distribution and Active Queue Management (AQM). The traffic flow of each active queue was controlled by deciding weight value of priorities. But, the path stability was not considered to avoid the congestion efficiently. Therefore in this article, CTBCARC with Route Stability (CTBCARC-RS)-based algorithm is proposed for guaranteeing the path stability and avoiding the undesirable DDRs. In CTBCARC-RS algorithm, the long-term RS of WSN is measured by determining different factors such as the utilization rate of Relative Routing Path (RRP), distinct successive hop and Switching Frequency Counts (SFC). These factors are sampled regularly and reprocessed from prior data in the queue that do not want additional overhead. The utilization rate of RRP is used to identify the major routing junction spots in WSNs. The utilization rate of distinct successive hop corresponding to an independent origin is used for detecting the majority next hop from the minority next hops. Similarly, SFC is used for computing the reliability of the majority next hop corresponding to the source node. Based on these parameters, the path stability is measured to avoid the congestion and likelihood of path failure. Finally, the efficiency of CTBCARC-RS algorithm is evaluated with the conventional algorithms through the simulation results.

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This study is focused on the production of biosurfactants from fermentation of agro-industrial wastes by Lactobacillus fermentum NBRC 15885 strains which were isolated from whey produced in a cattle region of Colombia (Bajo Cauca Antioqueño). Biosurfactant production was studied by means of a full factorial experimental design (3x2x4) with three replicates. Selected factors were microbial strain, agro-industrial waste used as a carbon source (whey or molasses) and culture broth. Surface tension of supernatant was selected as response variable of the experimental design. The lowest value of surface tension was obtained when molasses was used as the main source of carbon (34,3 mNm-1 on average). In this case, the biosurfactant concentration in the supernatant quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography was 890 mgL-1. Surface tension values below the positive control (40 mNm-1) were also obtained when whey was used in the process. The results obtained showed that cheese whey and molasses can be used as a relatively inexpensive renewable substrates to produce biosurfactants from Lactobacillus fermentum strains.

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