Forward osmosis as unique low energy process, has achieved a greet attention, especially in desalination and water reuse applications. To make Forward osmosis more practical suitable draw solute with a good solubility, i.e. does not require energy, and non-toxicity properties have to be chosen or synthesised. In this study superhydrophilic, citric coated magnetic nanoparticles (Cc-MNP(1)) and Cc-MNP(2) were synthesised using a reverse co-precipitation and co-precipitation method, respectively. Both salts were demonstrated as an efficient draw solute in extracting water from saline water during-Forward osmosis experimental investigation. Forward osmosis performance-of both draw solutes was evaluated by using a commercial Forward osmosis membrane. The concentration effect of Cc-MNP(1) and Cc-MNP(2), feed salinity was investigated systematically. In Forward osmosis mode water flux of 28.6 L/m2hr with 300 g/L Cc-MNP(1) and 21 L/m2hr with 300 g/L Cc-MNP(2) were attained, also, it was found that water flux decreased with increasing feed salinity to become 5L/m2hr with 300 g/L Cc-MNP(1) in case of using 35,000 ppm NaCl feed. The osmotic pressure of the optimum draw solute (Cc-MNP(1)) at a concentration of 300 g/L was 51.2 bar as evaluated from the freezing point depression measurements.

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In consistent with the growth in demand, complexity of electric power systems has evolved to meet the requirements of supply. Power is generated from non-renewable, fossil fuels and nuclear fuel while renewable energy resources mainly include solar and wind. Power from Wind plants WP has shown a fast growth in the last decades due to their economic benefits especially at areas with the proper wind speed and the possibility to connect wind generators in distribution or transmission power networks. Conventional power unit generators are of high generation capacities, therefore smaller numbers are required in power plant, in other hand Wind Turbines WP are of smaller capacities therefore, Wind Power Plants (WPPs) consist of dozens or hundreds of low-power units. Time domain simulations of WPPs may take too much time if detailed models are considered in such studies while reduced order models used in interconnection studies of synchronous machines with full converter technology significantly reduce computational time (1, 2). The performance of all models is evaluated based on time domain simulations in the SIMULINK/MATLAB environment. The work includes the simulation of 50 MW WPP constructed from 18 MW Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) aggregated (reduced) to one system of Nx2.78 MW generation capacity interconnected to existing conventional system network through 132 kV grid. The analysis includes active and power flow at the farm and the PCC terminals also power flow at PCC has been assessed for different level of WP penetration. Outputs from the MATLAB/SIMULINK modelling and simulation introduces the level of the grid voltage, current active and reactive power in the PCC and the wind farm terminal.

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A Good of groyne placement on the curve channel were the lower of flow water on near groyne. This conditions will occurred the sedimentation field. This research having a goal to development the relationship of groyne placement at the curve channel with sediment field accumulation occurred, so that this research will be done by modeling of groyne placement using mathematical modeling approach by finite different method. Research modeling had be simulation many case of groyne placement applied to the curve channel where the radius bend equal 40 m and 30 m. The research done 288 times simulation to the many case of groyne placement on the river bend. Many case of groyne placement on the curve channel were combinations of two various of the radius bend, three various the groyne position and three various of groyne length. On each of them be simulated used 4various of the flow velocities and 4 various of the sediment suspended concentrations. The resulting simulation many case of groyne placement will be analyzed bring in the relationship of the effect groyne placement at the curve channel to sediment accumulation occurred.

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This research paper discussed the study of a two degree-of-freedom quarter car model passive suspension system. An open loop characteristics experiment using system identification method was carried out to determine the transfer function of the passive suspension system. Once these steps are completed, a closed loop compensated system is designed to control the position of Platform 1; i.e. the road surface. Platform 1 will provide the road profiles of different step height for the passive quarter car suspension system. The PID controller was proven to be able to improve steady-state error by 48.6%, 31.9%, 10.9% and 21.8% for reference heights of 30cm, 32cm, 34cm and 36cm, respectively, with a slight 12% overshoot for 34cm and 36cm reference heights.

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We have proposed a new textile reinforcement which was made from non-corrosive material (smart material: such as steel and glass). That will be effectively reduce the required concrete material, this technique which is called the Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC). This paper presents a plate specimen with dimension of (500x500x400 mm), to demonstrate the effectiveness of our material we have tested under an impact load during 28 to 90 days with two different conditions simply support and fixed, respectively. Cement mortar with 60 MPa, 7 cm cube shape compressive strength for 28 days has been designed for the casting process of the plate. The reference plate (has 22 sub plates) which is divided into four categories were casted essentially with 3D glass fabric, all these groups have three different thickness (6,10, and 15 mm) indeed a 0.75 volume fraction of the micro steel and ferrocement that is known as mesh chicken wire layers. The simulation and the experimental results demonstrate that, the steel fibre gave higher quality results than the 3D glass fabric and mesh chicken wire, indeed we have proven that the 3D glass fabric with 6 mm gave higher number of blows than the other thicknesses.

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Dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in aqueous media is a challenging task for their utilization in industrial heat transfer applications. Since, CNT are hydrophobic in nature, so they remain unstable in polar base fluids. But, use of surfactants has opened a new gateway for resolving the problem of CNT dispersion by attaching non-covalent hydrophilic group onto the surface of CNT. This study reports a comparative analysis on the dispersion of CNT in water using three surfactants SDBS, SDS, and GA. The CNT nanofluids were prepared under dynamic condition. Dispersion of CNT has been characterized with the help of UV-vis spectroscopy. An optimum Surfactant/CNTs ratio has been determined for each surfactant. This parameter has been shown to affect the dispersion of CNT in aqueous basefluid significantly. The ratio above or below the optimum Surfactant/CNTs ratio effects the dispersion of CNT adversely. To analyze stability, the prepared CNT nanofluids were kept under static condition and observed visually.

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This paper reports the result obtained by implementing Gravitational Search Algorithm for tuning Stereo Matching Algorithm’s parameters for the application star fruit inspection system. The hardware for the inspection system is built by CvviP from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia using only single camera. The implemented Stereo Matching Algorithm used on the system comes from the built-in Matlab library. Each agent of Gravitational Search Algorithm in the search pace represents a set of candidate numerical value of the stereo matching’s parameters. The sum of absolute error of the gray scale value of both images is used to indicate the fitness function. Benchmarking has done by comparing the result obtained with the previous literature that implements Particle Swarm Optimization. The result indicates that the application of Gravitational Search Algorithm as parameters tuner for stereo matching’s parameters tuning is essentially on par with the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm.

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The river located in inner areas of Hanoi are seriously polluted day by day, especially To Lich River. To Lich River is mainly polluted by the type of domestic wastewater of Hanoi. This study was conducted to assess the water quality of To Lich River and the effects of pressure of forced aeration method obtained by enhancement of hydrostatic pressure (aerating at 0.25, 2.00 and 4.00 meters of depth) on the ability to dissolve oxygen into water and digestion of organic subtracts in To Lich River. When aerating at 4.00 m of depth, approximately 0.4 atm of enhanced pressure, the performance of organic waste treatment for the upper layer and lower layer are 66% and 58% respectively. This study approach towards sustainable development in order to minimize the use of materials and the generation of waste from treatment, simultaneously enhance the self-cleaning capacity of Inner River, thereby to exploit the natural resources in rational and economical ways.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Visible near infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands in discriminating hydrothermal alteration mineralogy related to thermal springs as proxy for identifying subtle Geothermal (GT) systems at Yankari Park in northeastern Nigeria. The area is characterized by a number of thermal springs including, Gwana, Dimmil, Mawulgo and Wikki which is used directly for recreation and tourism. A Decorrelation Stretch (DCS) transform was initially used on ASTER to highlight alteration zones and generate regions of interest (ROIs) which guided field validation and identification of associated exposed alteration zones. GPS field survey and sampling of hydrothermally altered rocks and laboratory analysis using Analytical Spectral Device (ASD) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is conducted for verification. Observed and validated alteration sites (ROIs) are subsequently used to extract mean image spectra from the ASTER data. We then explored the utility of mean image spectra for mapping subtle mineralogical imprints associated to geothermal systems as proxy for identifying targets in unexplored regions by using the Mixture Tuned Match Filtering (MTMF) algorithm on ASTER VNIR to SWIR spectral subsets. The results indicate that ASTER data could reliably be used for pre feasibility stage narrowing of targets and mapping of subtle alterations using image derived spectra. These could have significant implications especially for mapping unconventional GT systems in unexplored regions.

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This paper presents solar heat accumulator with reflective plate arrays method for heat supply of hybrid solar hatching machine. The arrays method is driven by a dc geared motor that is controlled by MCU (Microcontroller Unit Atmega), in which, include an appropriate hysteresis method to handle the driver. In the experiment, the hysteresis method has shown its capability to absorb and regulate the sun heat up to 57.46% solar energy.

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Solar energy is anticipated to become the world’s largest source of electricity and hence an effective design of Solar Energy Conversion System (SECS) that converts solar energy to electricity is mandatory. In huge rating power plants, converter with high voltage handling capability is required. In this work three level Input Series Output Series (ISOS) modular full bridge DC-DC converter has been proposed for Solar Energy Conversion System to meet high input voltage and high output voltage requirements. The Input Series Output Series (ISOS) connected modular DC-DC converter system enables the use of switches with lower voltage ratings for applications that demand high input and output voltage. As the input of the modular converter is varying with respect to irradiation variation, three loop control (TLC) is proposed in this work. The main objective of this work is obtain equal sharing of input and output voltages among the converters and to control input current and the output voltage to a desired constant value for a wide range of irradiance and load variations.

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The monothetic, also known as one-factor-at-a-time, analysis of a reactive distillation process involving octene metathesis to produce heptene and nonene has been carried out in this work. ChemCAD, which is a process simulator, was employed to develop the model of the process while the equilibrium constant of the metathesis reaction occurring in the reaction section of the column was estimated with the aid of Aspen HYSYS via an equilibrium reactor modelling. The input variables considered as the operating factors of the process were reflux ratio, which was varied from 2 to 9, and reboiler duty, which was increased from 0.2 to 0.5 kJ/s with a step increment of 0.1 kJ/s, while the output variables were the mole fractions of heptene and nonene obtained from the top and the bottom sections of the column, respectively. The results obtained from the simulations carried out for the analysis showed that the metathesis reactive distillation process was affected by both the reflux ratio and the reboiler duty of the column. Also discovered from the simulations was that the increase in the reflux ratio made the mole fraction of heptene obtained from the top section of the column to approach one while that of the nonene product given from the bottom section of the column was decreasing. Moreover, it was discovered that increase in the reboiler duty could make the mole fraction of the nonene collected from the bottom section of the column to approach one whereas that of the top heptene was observed to be decreasing. Therefore, it has been revealed from the monothetic analysis of the metathesis reactive distillation process carried out in this study that the quality of the products obtained from the top and the bottom sections of the reactive distillation column were functions of the reflux ratio and the reboiler duty.

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The paper presents the research results of obtaining aluminum alloys modificators. Complex ligature AKCe (wt.%: 30 Al, 28 REM, 4 Ca, the rest is Ni), which is a traditional additive in cast irons, was used as ? metallurgical charge for obtaining new modifying alloys. The melting point of the master alloy used in the experiments is 1400 ° C. Modifying alloys from ligature were obtained in two ways. In the first way, aluminum (A7) was melted, and then different amounts of AKCe powder were added to the superheated (1400° C) aluminum melt. In the second method different amounts of aluminum (A7) were added to the molten (1400° C) master alloy. The melting was carried out in Tamman furnace where a protective atmosphere of technically pure argon was created. In both methods of producing the modifier, the component was added in the amount of 20% to 70% by weight. The element composition analysis of the resulting alloys showed that, when adding 60 wt. % (AKCe or A7) the element composition and melting point were not significantly different, regardless of the production method having been used. The micro-X-ray spectral analysis showed that the initial ligature alloy consisted of intermetallides Al-Ni-RZM, Al-Ni and Al-Ca. The obtained alloys, regardless of the method of their production, consisted of an a-solid solution of Ni in Al and intermetallides of Al-Ni, where instead of the intermetallic compound AlNi the intermetallide Al3Ni was formed which appeared to have a lower melting point and better plastic properties.

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This paper presents an implemented embedded vision based tracking system for single object. The paper describes implementation a one object tracking of each colour. It also describes the measurement angle for each colour Red and Blue. However, some of these studies suffer from numerous problems have been manipulated such as many camera motion and time delay in image capture, therefore object tracking is a challenging problem. Consequently, in this paper design and implemented of tracking one object (color) utilizing FPGA-SoC. The proposed method has adopted a passive tracking vision system based on platform DE1-SoC and D5M camera. As a result of our project is can be tracking of one objects each color (colors).

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This paper deals with the implementation on identifying packet misbehavior in network virtualization with the help of two algorithms namely Obfuscation and Heuristics algorithm to safeguard the packets against intruders. Black hole, gray hole, cooperative black hole and cooperative gray hole attacks are eliminated using these two algorithms in network virtualization. These algorithms use a special concept in finding the attacks and eradicate these terrible attacks in the very initial stage. Acknowledgement packets or even the resend packets are attacked by malicious nodes, these all are identified and packets are transmitted safely to the destination. The Applications based on the packet deliverance, throughput and node itinerant performance of the packets are evaluated. To discover the fault, heuristics algorithm is used. This proposed work protects from the third parties and confuses them completely by obfuscation algorithm which is used.

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The concrete water sealing capability improves substantially by using superabsorbent polymer as admixture in the concrete mix design. Researchers tried almost every conceivable material to be mixed in concrete to alter some of its properties. In this research superabsorbent polymer is used as an admixture to improve its water tightness properties especially in concrete tanks, aeration basins, and retaining structures. The concrete tries to seal the leak by blocking the water path by semi-solid gels. This gel is the product of the interaction of the superabsorbent polymer with water. This self-sealing property of concrete can also be used in any tank or container that holds and retains any kind of liquid. The super absorbent polymer absorbs water at a rate of 300 to 500 times its own weight, in a process transforming the polymer dry powered into gel. Mixing super absorbent polymer with concrete not only improves its water tightness capability, but it also provides the concrete with internal curing moisture it needs to improve its strength. This property is very useful in cases where curing of concrete is difficult. The fresh concrete plasticity and consistency change as well. This property is yet to be further explored. Several samples have been prepared to study the effect of the superabsorbent polymer on the concrete strength, and on the concrete capability to block the water flow. Concrete cubes, concrete beams, and concrete tension samples were prepared to study the concrete strength of concrete mixed with superabsorbent polymer. Also concrete short cylindrical samples were prepared to study the concrete ability to block the water flow. These cylindrical samples were intentionally broken into two approximately equal pieces to create an induced crack. The artificially cracked samples are then subjected to water pressure to study the concrete ability to stop the water flow though the induced concrete crack. Two kinds of water pressure are used in this research; the constant head, and the falling head. Samples of different amount of superabsorbent polymer were prepared to study the effect of the increase of the superabsorbent polymer on the concrete strength and on the concrete water tightness capability.

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This work was conducted with the purpose of finding a method to increase the fertilizing properties of glauconite using a rectangular microwave resonant cavity. For the modified glauconite, we measured the specific surface area, the total porosity and the mean pore radius via Quanta chrome Instruments high-speed gas sorption analyzer NOVA series 1200e. The equilibrium concentrations of heavy metal ions in solutions were measured using X-ray fluorescence on Shimadzu EDX-7000/8000 energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The statistical parameters of heavy metal ions adsorption from soil were obtained by building mathematically processed adsorption isotherms. The calibration curve of dependence was constructed in "A-Cequil" coordinates. Biogenic cations were determined by the spectrometric analysis. The fertilizing properties of glauconite were verified through the cultivation of peas. Electromagnetic radiation of super high frequency with 3 kW power and 2150-2450 MHz frequency is shown to be applicable for the non-thermal modification of glauconite, increasing the performance properties of this mineral while using it as a crops fertilizer. The optimum treatment regime was selected, according to which glauconite should be exposed to radiation for 5 minutes. We found out that this method allows improving physical, adsorptive, cation-exchange and fertilizing properties of the ore, especially in concentrated form. Glauconite, modified by electromagnetic radiation of super high frequency, when contacting soil, promotes the increase of potassium, calcium and magnesium cations in it. At the same time, the level of heavy metals - iron, manganese and copper decreases due to their adsorption by soil particles. This glauconite proved to be a highly effective full-fledged fertilizer, stimulating, first of all, the development of the root system of peas, as well as above-ground parts of the plant. In comparative experiments with untreated and modified by electromagnetic radiation of super high frequency glauconite, in the first case the length of the main root in comparison with the not fertilized control increased by 32%, the height of the green mass - by 24%; under modified glauconite, the root and green mass increased by 35.3% and 63.4% respectively. The received results are important for more rational usage of glauconite in agriculture and show perspective in applying the modified by microwave radiation concentrated form of glauconite as a fertilizer for legume and other cultures.

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Photovoltaic (PV) power is most commonly used for water pumping applications. The water pump is driven by a three phase induction motor through a maximum power point tracking controlled DC-DC converter and vector controlled voltage source inverter (VSI). An LC filter is placed between the VSI and the motor to mitigate the harmonics injected by the VSI. However, this filter doesn't provide any impedance at the system resonant frequency which causes the motor terminal voltage to oscillate. In this paper, a lossless active damping technique is employed where a virtual resistance is emulated only in the control system without the need to connect a physical resistance. Furthermore, an adaptive hysteresis band current controller method is used as it provides a constant switching frequency and fast transient response. A Matlab/Simulink model of the PV pumping system is observed over a wide range of weather and loading conditions. Also, the fast fourier transform (FFT) and total harmonic distortion (THD) results are discussed to prove the efficiency of the proposed method.

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The process of clustering is denoted as data grouping analysis that have a set of data objects and they can be defined as distinguished groups or subsets according to the similarity features; assessment of number of clusters is a key issue in data clustering problem. The popular k-means may also suffer from the issue of initial number of clusters ‘k’; thus, it is noted that k-means may outputs the poor clustering results if user attempts incorrect ‘k’ value. Determining the number of clusters for given set of data objects are called as cluster tendency. In k-means, assessing the ‘k’ value is cluster tendency for given data. This paper is majorly focused on how to perform effective assessment of cluster tendency for real-life datasets. Visual access tendency (VAT) is an optimal choice for assessment of clusters or cluster tendency. It finds the dissimilarity features using Euclidean metric and uses this matrix for determining the value of cluster tendency. Cosine metric is also most successful measure; however it computes the similarity between data objects using a single reference point. The proposed work uses multi view-points for measuring the accurate similarity matrix between data objects, and it is known as multi view-point based cosine similarity measure (MVS). The proposed MVS-VAT is experimented on various datasets for demonstrating better assessment of cluster results when compared to VAT and other related versions of VAT.

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Coir fibers have been used as reinforcement of composite. To improve adhesion with matrix, modification of surface fibers has been performed with chemical treatment and physical treatment. In this paper, alkali and microwave treatments were implemented to characterize of coir fibers. The characterizations of treated coir fibers by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were studied. Tensile strength of treated coir fibers was also evaluated. The alkali and microwave treatment influenced chemical composition and crystallinity index of coir fiber based on characterization of FTIR and XRD respectively. Mechanical property of coir fiber tends to improve after treatment. Then, the surface roughness of treated coir fiber appeared which may enhance the interfacial adhesion of coir fiber with matrix.

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The fabrication of acetaminophen particles via supercritical antisolvent process with CO2 as an antisolvent was studied. The experiments were conducted at temperatures of 35-50 oC and pressures of 8-15 MPa with 5-15 ml/min CO2 flow rates. As a starting material, acetaminophen powder was dissolved in dimethyl formamide (DMF). Results of UV–vis spectrophotometry and GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) analysis showed that there was no remaining DMF solvent in the acetaminophen particles products. It indicated that CO2 has successfully removed DMF from acetaminophen particles products. The surface characterization by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) showed that the CO2 solvent did not impregnate to the acetaminophen particles products. Results from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the acetaminophen particles products were successfully prepared in non-spherical shape morphologies with size less than 1m. Based on the result; this process seems a powerful method to modify the acetaminophen powder physically such as particle size reduction.

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This paper shows another financially savvy technique for utilizing vitality stockpiling parts (battery and ultra capacitor) together with a specific end goal to develop the life of the battery. A Ultra-capacitor based vitality administration framework for Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicle is proposed to enhance its transient execution. The structure uses a DC-DC control converter which is related between Ultra-Capacitor and essential battery unit. Additionally, a vitality administration system of ultra-capacitor in light of PI controlling is proposed. With this technique the condition of charge of ultra-capacitor is measured and is kept at appropriate level as per diverse rates of vehicle.

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For the last few decades, the vast research on new environmentally friendly alternative refrigerant is going on. However, the limited work is for energy saves and safety aspects using refrigerant HFO1234yf and HC600a. Refrigerant R1234yf is an ecofriendly refrigerant which has lower GWP value of 4 but it is costly and COP is found to be slightly lower than R134a. Refrigerant, R600a (GWP less than 20) has lower power consumption than R134a and average power consumption for refrigerants R1234yf is higher than R134a. In the present work, various relevant mixtures of refrigerants have been experimentally tested to establish relationship between energy consumption, COP and cooling capacity. Thermo economical and flammability issues of refrigerants have been addressed.

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Optic fibre plays a major role in the access part of the network. Hybrid Passive Optical Network combines the advantages of TDM based EPON Network and the WDM PON network. The objective of this paper is to compare different modulation formats in a 16-channel Hybrid Passive Optical Network and to analyse their performance. The network has a transmission rate of 10 Gbps per channel. Different modulation formats like Non return to zero (NRZ), Return to Zero (RZ), Carrier Suppressed RZ (CSRZ), Duobinary (DB) and Modified Duobinary formats are compared and their performances are evaluated. Simulation results are obtained using Optisystem. It is seen that DB Modulation format provides a longer reach equal to 105km and Mod DB formats is the second best providing a maximum reach of up to 75 km.

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Non-ferrous materials are widely used in industries, especially because of its corrosion resistance property. Among them aluminium alloys are widely used because of its ease of machinability, good thermal Conductivity, less weight etc. Presently Aluminum is more used by industries than steel. Further aluminium with alloy elements like copper, nickel, magnesium, tin etc. will enhance the properties of the materials and these alloyed elements have more industrial applications. Solution Treatment enhances the properties of these aluminium alloys. This work is focused on synthesis and characterization of hexenary aluminium alloy (Al-Cu-Sn-Ni–Mg-Fe) by gravity die casting technique. The microstructure and wear behavior of as cast, solution treated alloys were elucidated by optical microscopy, pin-on-disc wear test. The mechanical properties were assessed by the tensile test, hardness test and compressive test. Solution treated aluminium alloy showed the remarkable improvement in wear resistance, hardness and tensile strength. The uniformly dispersed thermally stable ? and O phases in the aluminium matrix are one of the predominant factor in improving the hardness and tensile properties. The increase in hardness was achieved with solution treatment significantly reduced the wear rate.

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On the basis of a compressive sensing technique, an encryption scheme is proposed in order to improve security for the image. In the proposed algorithm, Discrete Wavelet Transform is applied to the plain image in order to transform it into many wavelet coefficients and then those coefficients are in turn confused using zigzag confusion. Finally they are converted into a cipher image by applying the proposed compressive sensing technique. Randomly generated 256 bit key is used to calculate the skew tent map, which further forms the basis for creating the measurement matrix used in compressive sensing. Simulation results show good performance for the proposed algorithm over the existing algorithms.

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WTIMIT, which is a derivative of TIMIT emerged as a latest technique for speech quality. The technique has good wideband characteristics over a range of 50- 7 KHz. in this paper, a study on the performance of phoneme recognition system has been performed. The study includes the effect of decimating the signal to 8 KHz in the conventional case. Further it is possible to evaluate the AMR-wideband codec for several acoustic models. It is possible to propose the WTIMIT type of wideband channel data from training interactive voice receiving system.

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In this work, we explain a framework for early detection of diseases in rice crops from visual symptoms. We target rice crops owing to their extensive use in the Indian subcontinent. Existing literature lists several algorithms that can be used in detection, classification, and quantification of crop diseases by analysis images. However, the evaluation process is tedious, time consuming and more over very much subjective. Infrastructure for image acquisition, communication, and processing is lacking in rural areas owing to lesser technological penetration. In this work, we develop a user-friendly IoT reference architecture to provide on-field disease detection and prediction using cloud analytics.

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In this paper the concept of leakage power reduction using Gate Length Biasing technique is used. All the CMOS instances used are gate length biased. This paper explains the leakage reduction in a digital circuit which makes use of gate length biased NAND gates to achieve lower power dissipation. All the designs and simulations have done using gpdk 90nm technology and verified using Cadence and Liberate tools. The motive of this paper is clearly indicated using a 8 bit Multiplier Accumulator unit (MAC). The MAC unit consists of several individual blocks: 8 bit multiplier, a 17 bit adder and a 17 bit accumulator. These blocks at various places make use of the modified NAND_GLB gate. These gates are placed away from the critical path. This is because any devices speed or swift working depends upon the delay that occurs in the critical path. So it’s always better to keep the delay at the critical path very minimum. Thus the increased threshold devices or the modified devices are placed at other non-critical paths so that the leakage due to those cells is reduced. This path identification is done using an heuristic algorithm. This method thus helps in reducing the major issue of sub threshold leakage. This leakage is due to the direct connection from VDD to GND even when the device is not in use. The power variation that was observed in the MAC units with and without the GLB gates are compared and a reduction of 36% is obtained.

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The geometric modeling of fractal objects is a difficult process. An important class of complex objects in nature is trees, plants, clouds, mountains, etc. These objects cannot be satisfactorily described or acceptable in quality or quantity using conventional geometry. Diverse techniques are at present being investigated for modeling these complex objects. The development of a new approach to computing fractals is being taken up by us, known as Iterated Function Systems. Any set of linear maps (affine transformations) and an associated set of probabilities determines an Iterated Function System (IFS). IFS description forms, through a set of simple geometric transformations, a basic set of tools for interactive image construction. This paper presents the role of IFS in geometric modeling of fractal objects.

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Extracting and recognizing complex human movements from video sequences is a challenging task. In this paper a complicated problem from the class is approached using Indian sign language videos. A new segmentation model is developed using discrete wavelet transform and local binary pattern (LBP) features for segmentation. A 2D point cloud is created from the local sign shape changes in subsequent video frames. The classifier is fed with 2 types of features calculated from Global Haar features and Local LBP features. We also explore multiple feature fusion models after segmentation for improving the classification process with state of the art features such as HOG, SIFT and SURF. The extracted features input the Adaboost multi class classifier with labels forming the corresponding words. We test the classifier on Indian sign language video dataset prepared in controlled environments. The algorithms were tested for accuracy and correctness in identifying the signs.

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Screen-printed glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) 2 mm in diameter deposited with composites of reduced graphene oxide-gold nanoparticles (rGO-AuNPs), reduced graphene oxide–cellulose (rGO-cellulose), and reduced graphene oxide–gold nanoparticles-cellulose (rGO-AuNPs-cellulose) were characterized in terms of the effect of drying time on the peak oxidative current and surface roughness. From the cyclic voltammetry (CV) graph, at 12 hrs of electrode drying time in ambient airtherGO-AuNPs/GCE showed the highest anodic peak current of 1252.82 µA, in comparison to therGO-cellulose/GCE with the lowest at 24.64 µA. FESEM results show that the rGO-AuNPs composite has the roughest surface morphology as well. Furthermore, there seem to be two layers of surface morphology in cellulose-based samples. The results obtained suggest that rGO-AuNPs/GCEs with 12 hours drying time have the highest peak current and the largest surface area owing to its roughness, thus implying that rGO-AuNPs has the most electrode area involved in redox reactions. The results also suggest the rGO-AuNPs nanocomposite can be effective as a sensitive transducer material for an electrochemical biosensor.

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The growing number of users and macro base stations (BSs) in LTE-A network causes large amount of energy consumption for the whole network. In order to mitigate this problem, a sleep mode algorithm for Base Stations (BS) simultaneously powering Relay Stations (RS), deployed in the transmission area of selected BS considering the real time network traffic is proposed in this paper. The efficiency of power saving algorithms depends on an effective real-time network traffic detection and analysis. A method to detect and analyze real time mobile phone traffic in a cell is also proposed in this work. The number of Relay station to be deployed in the coverage area of a BS, transmission range and geographical areas to set up and factors for optimal deployment are also discussed in this paper considering the Qos parameter. Joint deployment of relay stations inter connected by X2 links and with the BS with the overlapped coverage is considered in this work. The deployment of Relay station inter- connected by X2 links and with the Base station also meets the strategies for efficient group Handoff. The performance is analyzed by comparing power consumption of BS with and without the proposed algorithm, the simulation results shows there is good power saving with this proposed method.

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The laser build-up cladding is a well-known technique for repair, coatings and additive manufacturing tasks. Modern equipment for the laser cladding enables material to be deposited with the lateral resolution of about 100 µm and to manufacture miniature precise parts. However, the micro cladding regimes are unknown. Determination of these regimes is an expensive task as a well-known relation between laser cladding parameters and melt pool dimensions are changing by technology micro-miniaturization. These relations cannot be more used for the laser micro cladding parameters determination. In this paper the formation of single clad track on a Al-alloy substrate by coaxial laser micro cladding using Yb: YAG continuous laser was studied both from a theoretical and experimental point of view. The theoretical analysis concentrated on the laser beam energy transfer using a simple model of heat transfer to the substrate. This approach provides laser micro cladding parameter values required for the formation of desired width clad track to be predicted. For an appropriate experimental analysis of the main process parameters involved, a method based on a gradual change of a single processing parameter was examined. Correlations between the main micro cladding parameters and geometrical characteristics of a single clad track have been found.

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Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) is designed to interface with CPU directly, DSP processors, µprocessors and low-power applications such as handheld devices with long battery life. In order to achieve high-speed performance with low-power, the operating voltage VDD of the SRAM cell is scaled to below 0.8 V. In deep sub-micron CMOS technology, the standard 6T SRAM cell suffers from leakage currents, the stability of the cell, read/write access time and noise transient. Using Dynamic Threshold CMOS (DTMOS) technique, an ultra-low voltage circuit (VDD = 0.6 V) in which the substrate of nMOS and pMOS transistors are tied together to the gate terminal. The DTMOS technique reduces the leakage power dissipation in standby mode, whereas the area of the cell is increased. The performance of the 6T-SRAM and DTMOS-SRAM cells is decreased with continuous switching transitions (0 ? 1, 1 ? 0) of the pull-up and pull-down networks for each bit. We proposed a Hybrid Logic inverter i.e. Pseudo-nMOS-DTMOS based SRAM cell with less energy consumption. The design and implementation of proposed 6T-SRAM cell are compared with standard 6T, Conv. 8T, ST-11T and 6T-DTMOS SRAM cells for 0.3 V supply voltage at 22-nm CMOS technology; which exhibits better performance of the cell. The read and write static noise margin (SNM) of the cell significantly increases, energy consumption of 0.010 fJ and leakage power is 0.02 µW. The layout of the proposed memory cell is drawn in a 45-nm technology, occupies an area of 1.12×greater as compared with 6T-SRAM cell. The layout and performance of the proposed SRAM cell are examined using mentor graphics composer.

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In the paper author provides a classification of majority of BEM software, mentions some features linked with them - problems with the building 3D-geometry, weather files, schedules. BEM software contain many parameters for calculation, but at early design phases an engineer does not know many of their values. The proposed method describes an obtaining of an approximate calculation accuracy in the absence of these parameters. Based on this method, software has been created that allows you to get the calculation accuracy in the automatic mode.

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Vehicle accidents are rapidly increasing in many countries. Among many other factors, drowsiness is playing a major role in these accidents and systems which can monitor it are currently being developed. Among them, Electroencephalography (EEG) proved to be very reliable. Indeed, many EEG based drowsiness detection techniques are proposed for drivers. Most of these drowsiness detection techniques are normally subdivided into feature extraction and classification methods. Features obtained from FFT are effective and give higher accuracy; but are limited by the non stationary behavior of EEG signals. This paper reviews some of the most recent work of the EEG based drowsiness detection techniques. It shows a major gap found in all these studies, which is the fact that the channel selection method is not clearly specified. Therefore, research can be undertaken to properly choose suitable channel(s) to realize accurate detection of drowsiness. This survey also highlights the fact that, there is no publicly available data and comparison between techniques is not yet possible, because each technique is tested on its own dataset.

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This paper presents report of experimental works on the mix design and fresh properties of self-compacting lightweight aggregate concrete (SCLWC) blended with fly ash using coconut shell as coarse aggregate. After 35 initial trial mixes, 5 final mixtures were prepared with various amount of cement replacement with fly ash (0 – 25% by weight of cement) at the same water/binder ratio of 0.33 and same percentage of superplasticizer (1.75% by weight of binder). The fresh properties of SCLWC were investigated by means of slump flow, T500, V-funnel, L-box, wet sieve segregation and wet density. Results showed that fly ash blended SCLWC with coconut shell as coarse aggregate performed satisfactorily in flowability, viscosity and passing ability. In particular, mixtures with15% and 20% cement replacement with fly ash gave very good results.

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The alluvial river geometry formation is river hidraulics process, affected by sedimentation and erosion so this process gets so complicated. This complexity caused by free factors on certain discharge. River geometry can be change with change of flow condition and this change would lead to equilibrium configuration. By considering river hydraulics, wide, depth and slope of river bottom, sediment transport had a role in the formation of equilibrium of river geometry. Concerning analysis on channel resistance theory and sediment transport used to approach to reached to equilibrium river geometry and optimum in sediment transport. Equilibrium of river geometry in this research is accomplished by combining KUN-QArSHOV theory with Wallingford methods. The KUN-QArSHOV theory proposed un dimensional parameters that formation to the river namely: discharge (Q), average velocity(V), wet are (A), average depth (h_b), wet perimeter (O), sediment concentration (X),fivety presen passing D₅₀ (D₅₀), r_c, F, ?, l, a, and t. While the Wallingford method by Aker and White proposed variables an influential in formation of river: average velocity (V); average depth (h); slope the river bottom ( S ); discharge ( Q ); sediment concentration ( X ) and wide of river surface (W).

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Incomplete data is a frequent occurrence in many research areas especially cross sectional survey data in epidemiology, health and social sciences research. In this paper, the effect of missing observations were accounted for by using multiple imputation (MI) and inverse probability weighting (IPW) methods. Generally, multiple imputation has the ability to draw multiple values from plausible predictive distribution for the missing values. However, under the inverse probability weighting procedure the weights are the inverse of the predicted probabilities of response estimated from the missing ness models of incomplete variables. A simulation study is conducted to compare methods and demonstrate that a cross sectional survey data can be used to mitigate bias induced by missing data. The application and simulation results show the benefit of the IPW compared with the MI. The former performs well but not as the latter.

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In this study, a theoretical analysis is been carried for the application of the alternative refrigerant with low global warming to R22 in small air conditioning unit. The refrigerants investigation is R290, R600, R600a and R1270. The system mathematical models are running by using EES program .The results show that at any working condition the R600a give the identical performance to R22 and can be use in new units that required compressor modification. So the system with R1270 has less system performance reduction from R22 By 4.3% and can be used as retrofitting alternative refrigerant for current units without modification.

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Novel construction stacks were proposed to design the non-polarization short-wave pass edge filters for three regions. By using appropriate materials systems with adjusting their film thickness, we could to overcome the problem of polarization separation and got superior optical performance of non-polarized short-wave pass filter at the incident angle 45o. The creative designs were characterized by the high transmittance reached to 100% with limited improving the performance in pass band and completely intersecting of the S and P- polarization.

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Locally invented coagulant from Malaysian peat soil was effective for the clarification of lake and river water. Study was performed on stagnant lake water using model water bodies treated with peat coagulant. Better water quality was found in peat coagulant treated lake water compared to the lake water without peat coagulant treatment. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level recovered to the original value within two to three weeks in peat coagulant dosed tank. For the control tank the DO level was as low as 0.8 mg/L and the DO level never reached the original value even after sixty days of monitoring. The other water quality parameters like Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), nutrients (P and N) and suspended solids were lower than those of the control tank.

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Most of the local palm oil mill cogeneration plants in Malaysia were built 20 years ago. Since the boilers were designed for the purpose to burn the biomass residue, the efficiencies of these plants are low. With the current emphasis by the government to exploit the use of biomass for renewable energy, the plant owners realized that their plants could benefits if the plants efficiencies are enhanced through biomass drying using the exhaust steam. By drying of biomass residue the thermal energy that could be generated by the plants could be increased and thus increasing of available power which could be sold to the grid. This study assessed this potential. The data of existing cogeneration was used to evaluate the additional energy that could be generated by dried biomass, which is dried using the exhaust steam from the steam turbine. Based on the mill capacity of 20 ton/hr, 30 ton/hr and 45 ton/hr respectively, it was estimated thermal energy that could be made available to dry the biomass are 3.46 ton/h, 2.96 ton/hr, 4. 44 ton/hr. respectively.

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This paper presents the study on the volcanic ash as replacement of cement on compression strength of concrete. Preliminary study at the early stage were conducted with the specific gravity and sieve analysis of the volcanic as replacement of cement material of concrete. This paper presents about the influence of addition palm shells ash to mineralogy and physical properties of clay soil located in the sub district of Percut Sei Tuan, district of Deli Serdang, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. This study aims to improve physical properties and to analyze mineralogical content from poor soils into good soil called soil stabilization. Alternative materials used are palm shells ash obtained from solid waste palm factory whose numbers continue to increase and not yet utilized properly. The addition of palm shells ash is useful to stabilize clay soil, which is expected to improve the quality of the soil. The tests performed are the original soil characteristics test and the soil after mixing with palm shells ash which includes mineralogical test, chemical element test, grain tes gradation, specivic gravity test, clay soil consistency limits before and after mixed with palm shell ash. The addition of palm shell ash in clay soil caused a change of mineralogy in clay soil, which before stabilized the original clay mineralogy element for Illite 54% and after stabilized decreased to 51%, while for the original soil liquid limit (LL) of 56.73%, after stabilization there was a decrease of liquid limit of 47.23%, and the value of plasticity index (PI) of original clay soil of 25.60% and after stabilization PI value decreased to 21, 60%.

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The presents study presents an experimental development to determine the time constant for the polymer collector under hot and humid climate in Malaysia. The experimental setup has been conducted at the Taman Inovasi Teknologi Hijau, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). It used water as a working fluid and conducted according the ASHRAE Standard 93-2010 (Methods of Testing to Determine the Thermal Performance of Solar Collectors). The closed system of experiment rig was equipped with heat exchanger and auxiliary heater to control the water inlet temperature from the polymer collector to ensure it close with the ambient temperature (Ti ˜ Ta) during an experiment. The available polymer collector in the market was used with minor modification was developed by inserting an insulator underneath the collector. This able to reduce the heat losses on the bottom part of collector to the environment. It shows the time constant of modified polymer collector was 90 seconds during the test day. The information of the time constant of polymer collector is vital to conduct an experiment of quasi steady state thermal performance of the polymer collector. It also provides the information of the collector behavior under transient condition during outdoor experiment. For example, the effect of the water and surface temperature once the irradiance change abruptly.

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The paper describes the mathematical model of a novel scheme 2x-Mod (1)-Chaotic-Collaborative-CDMA (2XM1-CCCDMA) and analyzes its bit-error-rate (BER) performance under Rayleigh fading. The row elements of an NxN matrix of mutually orthogonal chaotic sequences generated by the 2x-Mod(1) one-dimensional (1D) chaotic-map is used as the ‘shared-spreading-sequences’ for a group of collaborating users. The ith row of the NxN matrix determines the spreading sequence for the collaborating users of the ith group in 2XM1-CCCDMA. The proposed scheme also utilizes a chaotic-pilot for the synchronization of the users at group level and addresses the capacity and security requirements for imminent wireless systems. The simulation results show the performance comparison of BER with conventional and collaborative CDMA schemes. The proposed scheme eliminates the constraints in security and user-capacity outperforming existing multi-user-detection (MUD) schemes and espouses a fourfold increase in the number of users with good BER performance under Rayleigh fading.

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This study was aimed at assessing efficiency of the reverse-flow scheme of ventilation when working out the gas-bearing seam Mosshny of the Vorkuta deposit in the Pechora coal basin of Russia. The parameters of the used return flow scheme of ventilation and the method of degassing with inclined wells drilled from underground mine workings have been analyzed. Numerical studies of the air-gas dynamic processes at the excavation site have been performed, and the limit values of air flow and gas emission have been determined, where methane concentration does not exceed the maximum allowable level. As a result of the performed numerical studies, significant effect has been found of increasing the flow rate of the air supplied to the longwall for ventilation on methane removal from the mine workings. The increased risk of local methane accumulation in the conjunction with the conveyor working in case of the return flow ventilation scheme has been shown. Recommendations have been given for using the combined ventilation scheme of the working area when working out the Mosshny seam, and the scheme of goaf degassing has been proposed. The areas for further studies have been determined.

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Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBNs) is the general tool for enhancing the dependencies between the variables evolving in time and it’s used to represent the complex stochastic processes to study their properties or make predictions based on the future behavior. The coronary heart disease (CHD) is considered as the one of the deadliest human diseases worldwide. The accurate prediction of CHD is very complex to be prevented and the treatment for it seems difficult. In early work, the TA methods with DBNs have been applied for the prognosis of the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). The deviation of temporal abstractions from data is used for building DBN structure to predict CHD. However this approach cannot handle Complex temporal abstractions due to irregular time intervals. The cut-off values decided for temporal abstraction is the another issue in this work. In order to overcome this issue in this paper proposed the technique used for regularizing the irregular time interval in Extended Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) with temporal abstraction for coronary heart disease prediction. The proposed technique provides the global optimal solutions to assure the learning temporal solutions which provide observation of same irregularly spaced time points and the semi parametric subclass of the DBN proposed to allow further adaption of the irregular nature of the available data. The cut off value is searched from the domain expert knowledge base through the firefly optimization algorithm.

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