Piles are commonly connected using a raft to maintain group action and ensure overcoming any expected differential settlement. Although the raft is indirect contact with subsurface strata, conventional design system ignores the load transferred from raft to the soil due to this contact and encounter on the pile group bearing capacity and settlement. However, piled raft foundations that are not directly rested on soil such as the bases of the bridges and in case of settlement or scoured of soil underneath the raft do not take much attention. In the present study, the effect of group efficiency as well as the load distribution of the friction along the pile shaft the load transferred to the tip of the pile and load transferred to soil underneath pile cap in pile groups in cohesion less soil have been presented. The piles were tested in a setup under compressive axial loads. Load at pile tip and the strain along the piles as well as the pile head loads were measured simultaneously. Furthermore, the load under pile cap transferred directly through pile cap to soil has been measured. The program consisted of installing test piles in dense sand, placing piles in a soil chamber subjected to compressive axial load. However, three groups of testing were performed in axial compression. First group load test was carried out on single pile. Second group is four pile caps rested on soil. Third group is four pile caps non-rested on soil. The load capacity of the piles was established and the load distributions along pile walls were determined at various depths. In addition, the loads at pile tip and underneath the pile cap were measured by load cells. It was found that the group efficiency of pile groups cap of four pile rested on soil is more than that pile group cap of four pile non-rested on soil. The group efficiency was found to be ranging between 1.25 to 1.65. The load transferred to soil underneath pile cap was found to be 8 % from the ultimate load capacity. The settlement of pile groups for piles cap rested on soil is less than that for pile cap non-rested on soil. Finite element analysis gives values of settlement less than experimental test results. Fair agreement has been obtained between finite element analysis and experimental test results.

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Recognition and categorization of voltage and current distortions in an electrical network is a critical assignment in power systems control and security. This present work introduces a novel hybrid technique for electrical network distortions recognition and categorization. The idea of least mean square filter collectively with discrete wavelet transform is utilized to estimate important features such as magnitude and slope from the measured voltage or current signals. The discrete wavelet transform is utilized to enable least mean square filter to afford a decent execution; the measured voltage or current signal is sent to the discrete wavelet transform to find the noise present in it and its variance. The noise and its variance are then passed collectively with the measured signal to the least mean square filter. These two features are treated as the fuzzy inputs to the expert system that employs a few standards on the fuzzy inputs to distinguish the category in which the measured signal has a place. To demonstrate the capacity of the presented hybrid method for categorizing the power quality distortions, a point by point computerized simulation and its outcomes including different sorts of power quality occasions are exhibited. The simulation outcomes delineate that the presented hybrid method has the capacity to precisely recognize and categorizing the power quality distortions.

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A numerical investigation has been adopted to study chemical reaction effect on free convective flow past an accelerated moving vertical plate with ramped temperature. The governing equations of flow, heat and mass transfer are solved by employing finite element method. Numerical results for the velocity, temperature and concentration distributions for various parametric values are reported graphically and discussed. The influence of various important parameters on primary skin-friction coefficient, secondary skin-friction coefficient and the Nusselt number are shown in a tabular form. The accuracy of the numerical method is validated by a direct comparison with previously published work and found that there is an excellent agreement between the results exists.

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The aim of this research is to explore microstructure and mechanical properties in the semi-solid casting process of aluminum alloy ADC12. The research method was done by gravity casting using a metal mold. The aluminum ADC12 slurry is stirred by a mechanical stirrer at 300 rpm for 60 seconds. Furthermore, the aluminum slurry of ADC12 is poured on a metal mold with a starting temperature of 580-680oC. The microstructure characteristics were examined by direct observation using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), secondary a-Al phase dendrite arm spacing, and Si eutectic phase were identified. The mechanical properties were investigated by hardness test and tensile test. The results showed that mechanical stirring had an effect on the change of mechanical properties and microstructure of aluminum alloy of ADC12. The mechanical properties of ADC12 aluminum alloys increased after semi-solid casting using a stirring bar. The highest mechanical properties occur at the temperature of the casting 600oC. The formation of microstructure from dendritic becomes non-dendritic (globular) after the aluminum alloy slurry of ADC12 is prepared by mechanical stirring.

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In this work, the movement of digestive juice in small intestine, food bolus through esophagus and the blood in arteries are addressed. Based on the characteristics of blood and digestive juices and the elements that affect them, a viscosity function adapted to an asymmetric channel is chosen to simulate some of the biological phenomena. A bivariate viscosity function reflects the natural phenomena where it is affected starting from the bottom and top walls as it occurs in the intestines and arteries. A peristaltic transport of Newtonian fluid is considered and the influence of the bivariate function in an asymmetric channel is studied. We were able to compute explicitly the pressure rise and the pressure gradient. Reflux, trapping, pumping and co pumping phenomena are studied. A graphical analysis of the effect of the viscosity variation is presented. Similar to the ax symmetric case, this work also illustrates that, the reflux limit and the free pumping do not depend on the viscosity parameter but the trapping limit, the pressure rise and the friction force on the walls, are influenced by the variation of this parameter.

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This paper evaluates the protection performance of the steel plates made of Armox560T, Hardox 400 and Weldox 700E which are used in armored vehicles. The steel plates monolayer 12 mm , double-layered 2×6 mm, triple-layered 3×4 mm and triple layered 3×4 mm with spacing 5mm between them were impacted by a 7.62 mm APM2 projectile in the initial velocity 830 m/s in all tests. The effect of the combination of different steel materials in a double- and triple-layered model on the resistance to projectile penetration was also analyzed. Numerical three-dimensional nonlinear finite element models were developed using the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA. The main results of calculations include the residual velocity of the projectile after penetrating and the pattern of the plate failure mechanism for each model. It was found that double-layered plates made of the same steel material have a worse ballistic protection performance than that of monolayer plates, and a better than that of triple-layered plates whether with or without spacing.

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As a matter of fact, the duration of construction any project relies on several indicators such as site features, construction location, project cost, procurement methods and multiple other factors. Predicting construction project duration accurately is highly significant for completing project on time. In this research, the application of soft computing technique namely extreme learning machine (ELM) model is used to predict construction project duration. The study is carried out using several factors effecting the target duration of construction project. The implemented data set were obtained from department of construction and technical works at the Middle East Technical University. The proposed ELM model was verified in comparison with artificial neural network (ANN) model. The performance of the modeling accuracy was inspected using several statistical indicators such as coefficient of determination (R), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The findings of this research showed a very reliable and practical implementation for the ELM model in predicting construction project duration over the very well-known GRNN model. In more represent able details, the enhancement of the (RMSE and MAPE) values for ELM model over ANN model were (51.5 and 50.8 %).

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This paper delineates a computational framework to ascertain optimum thermal generation schedule using newfangled grey wolves’ optimization (GWO) technique corresponding to environmentally sustainable, economic operation. This scheduling problem is devised as a bi-objective optimization and linear interpolated price penalty model is developed based on simple analytical geometry equations which blends two non-commensurable objectives perfectly. In order to obtain high-quality solutions within lesser executing time, the algorithm parameters are nicely replaced with system parameters that carry out global and local search process in the feasible region collaboratively. Further, an appropriate constraint handling mechanism is suitably incorporated in the algorithm that intern produces a stable convergence characteristic. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated on six unit thermal systems with due consideration of transmission line loss and valve point loading effect. The desired GWO technique reports a new feasible solution for quadratic and non-convex thermal operating model which is compared with the solution that has evolved earlier and the comparison shows that the GWO technique has outstripped other algorithms effectively.

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This paper mainly focused on the study of hybrid reinforcement ie, SiCp with Fly Ash (FA) and Al2O3 with Fly Ash (FA) influences on Mechanical characteristics of Aluminium based Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (AHMMCs) Synthesized by Stir Casting Process. The AHMMCs is synthesized by amalgamated the fly ash particles with a particle size of 53-106 µm and synthetic ceramic particles with a size of 53 µm into the vortex of matrix material with a proportion of 3 wt.%, 6 wt.% and 9 wt.%. The mechanical and physical properties of AHMMCs are investigated and the results reveal that the increase of hybrid reinforcement content shows the increasing trend of Hardness, Tensile Strength and Porosity while the density decreases. Furthermore, the hybrid reinforcement particle distribution was examined using SEM analysis and the results revealed that the particles are fairly distributed.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding micro and nano particles of hydroxyapatite (HA) to commercially glass ionomer cement self-cure GIC restorative powder. Compressive strength, biaxial flexural strength, Microhardness and wear rate were investigated for the prepared samples. These additions enhance the mechanical properties of the GIC except the wear rate value. The maximum compression strength was 110 MPa with 7wt% HA micro particle, while 5wt% nanoparticles gives highest Microhardness and biaxial flexural strength, 76.84 VHN and 37.096MPa respectively. On other hand the wear rate were increased when HA particles were added.

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Four-station spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) array measurement to record microtremors was conducted in 2012 at West Park of ITB Ganesa Campus, Bandung, Indonesia. The measurement was aimed at revealing the shallow seismic velocity profile beneath the measured site. Autocorrelation and cross correlation calculations among the center station and the tripartite stations were carried out to provide coherence functions from which the SPAC coefficients were obtained. The SPAC coefficients were fitted to a Bessel function of the first kind of order zero yielding a dispersion curve describing relation between the phase velocity and frequency. Least-squares inversion scheme was applied to invert the dispersion curve into seismic parameters (P and S velocities, density and thickness of layers). The inversion resulted in a shallow four-layer stratified model of shear wave velocity. The shear velocity values are 342, 304 and 468 m/s for the first three layers from the surface down to 30 m deep and 1209 m/s for the half space. Based on the NEHRP classification, the Vs30 value is equal to 366 m/s indicating that the soil profile beneath the measurement site is categorized as very dense soil or soft rock.

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Aeromagnetic data covering an area of 1800km2 were analysed to characterize the dimension of Mersing fault zone and the surrounding faults by conventional processing including filtering and 3D Euler Deconvolution techniques using Oasis Montaj computer software. Based on the analysis, the position of the Mersing fault zone including its trend, width and sense of displacement were clearly determined and comparable with the geological input of previous findings. New inputs from this study are derived from 3D Euler Deconvolution in terms of the subsurface geometrical position of major and minor faults in the study area including dip and depth parameters.

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Humanity, moving to an era focused upon development has forgotten the importance of sustainability and has been the major culprit behind the rising pollution levels in the earth’s atmosphere among all other living organisms. The pollution levels at some places have reached to such high extents that they have started harming our own health. Hence, it is a significant indication to keep track of pollution levels in our surroundings in order to ensure that we do not get affected by the ill effects of pollution and at the same time improvise our actions in order to maintain pollution free environmental conditions. So, this paper covers the design and development of a device prototype that monitors air and noise pollution in real time and sends alerts to desired authorities whenever the pollution levels cross the threshold via push notification service on mobile phones using a cloud service provider, hence setting an example for an efficient IOT (Internet of Things) device.

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Electric power systems needs pure sinusoidal output voltage and current without any interruptions at desired value. T-UPQC consists of combined shunt and two series converter based through filters for improving the quality of power in load side as well as source side. This paper deals with an implementation of a T-UPQC using two control techniques one is PI and other one is mamdani fuzzy controlling technique for mitigation of different distorted load conditions. They are maintained and manage the power into the T-UPQC. The model and the proposed control technique are discussed in d-q coordinates and the performance of this scheme is evaluated. Simulation results demonstrate satisfactory performance of the proposed new smart technique for the control of T-UPQC under varying loads using MATLAB-Simulink environment. The improvement of quality of power is analysed by comparing with two smart techniques use of the T-UPQC.

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Cold formed steel is a basic components in the construction of lightweight prefabricated structures like stud frame panels, trusses and prefabricated structures. This research work deals with the details of an Experimental of shear lag on cold-formed steel sections subjected to tension load. This analysis carries single angle sections of 2mm & 3mm and double angles sections of above members where under plain (without Lipped) and with Lipped conditions subjected to tension. The papers describes the load carrying capacity of single angles lipped section increases by 23% and double angles by 26% compare with plain angles of 2mm & 3mm section. Analyses were carried out for thirty six numbers of angle sections under condition such as Lipped were connected same side to gusset plate and connected to opposite side.

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The purpose of this research is to optimize the design of a new technology in the form of turbine that only relies on water flow rate to generate electricity to meet the needs of remote areas. This turbine is simple and has existed in some areas but has very low efficiency. A kinetic turbine is tested its prototype under a laboratory scale to get the turbine efficiency as the turbine performance. The results of this laboratory test will be verified with the turbine modeling implementing the CFD modeling software. In this modeling the observation focus is on the pressure distribution within the blade space which will produce the observation thrust. From the test results of this prototype, it is found that the highest kinetic turbine efficiency is 19% that is on a water flow rate of 45 m3/hour and 80 rpm turbine rotation. From the modeling observations of every 5? runner movement, it appears that there is only one turbine blade that gets the greatest boost or momentum, although at certain runner angle positions there are two turbine blades that get a boost. This condition is suspected as one cause of the low turbine efficiency. From the modeling of this kinetic turbine the highest water pressure in the blade chamber is about 9.19e + 008 Pa, which occurs at 20° runner position, while the lowest pressure is 5.93e + 008 Pa which occurs at 45° runner position.

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An avalanche photodiodes were fabricated by standard 0.18 µm CMOS process (CMOS-APD) with the maximum bandwidth of 8.4 GHz at the avalanche gain of about 10 and the gain-bandwidth product of 280 GHz. To achieve high-speed photo receivers, two types of TIA which are common-source and regulated-cascode TIAs were simulated by utilizing the output of the CMOS-APDs. The figure of merits of gain-bandwidth product was applied to find better results of the transimpedance gain and bandwidth performance due to trade-offs between them. The common-source TIA produced the transimpedance gain of 22.17 dBO, the bandwidth of 21.21 GHz and the gain-bandwidth product of 470.23 THz × dBO. Besides that, the simulated results of the regulated-cascode TIA configuration demonstrate 79.45 dBO transimpedance gain, 10.64 GHz bandwidth, and 845.35 THz × dBO gain-bandwidth product.

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In most of the digital systems addition and multiplication are the crucial arithmetic functions. So generally this is heavily impact on overall performance of digital systems. In existing one adds and multiply operations are done separately. In this paper we are introducing a structured and efficient recoding technique and exploring three different schemes by incorporating them in Fused Add multiply designs. It represents an area efficient design, fast addition and multiplication using Radix based Modified Booth Technique. This technique mainly used to reduce the partial products for the design of many parallel multipliers.

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The questions of improvement of processing of seeds quality are very urgent now. But harvesting by modern methods doesn't allow reaching quality grain material. The mathematical description of process of processing of grain has been carried out. The Uniform process of receiving qualitative seed material has been made. The flowchart and software package was developed for the solution of this problem.

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The new series - series FACTS device Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is a voltage source converter based Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controller for series compensation with the unique capability of power flow management among the multiple transmission lines in transmission system. Due to disturbance, the electromechanical oscillations will present in the transmission system and these oscillations should damp out using IPFC. The performance of considered IEEE 14 bus system is analyzed in terms of electro mechanical oscillations using IPFC. The conventional Proportional Integral controller with Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is used to damp oscillations. This analysis is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink for different fault conditions.

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Mathematical model of wear pattern of tool electrode (TE) upon processing of dissimilar materials enables forecasting of output processing parameters and provides preset precision indices. At present simulation of TE wear upon processing of dissimilar materials is not sufficiently studied. In the course of electrical discharge machining (EDM) of dissimilar materials physical processes at interface between two materials differ from those peculiar upon processing of uniform material. Taking into account that electrical discharge resistance of bimetal components is different, TE is exposed to heterogeneous wear upon electrical discharge machining. We developed theoretical model facilitating estimation of EDM rate of steel-copper bimetal. On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies it is established that during processing of steel-copper bimetal maximum heterogeneity is achieved in min mode and equals to 2.44 mm. Taking in account that electrical discharge resistance of copper exceeds similar properties of Dural electrode, intensive wear of electrode is observed upon processing of copper. Minimum processing heterogeneity has been detected for med mode. Intensive TE wear is observed upon processing of item in maximum mode. Upon processing by copper electrode maximum heterogeneity has been achieved in min mode equaling to 0.89 mm. Minimum heterogeneity in med mode is 0.11 mm. It would be reasonable to process bimetal alloy in med mode with minimum processing heterogeneity. Experimental data confirm satisfactory agreement with theoretical calculations concerning occurrence of step on bimetal surface after processing. It is demonstrated that the amount of material removed per one pulse depends on pulse energy as well as on thermophysical constants of processed material.

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Nowadays, encephalograms (EEG) have many applications in marketing, psychology, neuroscience, psychiatric studies and brain computer interfaces. The last one is being motivated by the advance of technology that now allows known details of brain’s areas related with cognitive, motion and sensorial activities, using these information to operate mechanical devices with the brain. This paper has as objective make an experiment for acquiring brain signals associated with the thoughts of a movement to left or right from a person with motion disability, these signals will pass by a band pass filter, a common spatial pattern analysis (CSP) and lately are classify through support vector machines (SVM). Obtaining as a result, recognition of 70% from the imaginary movement signals to left and 80% of recognition from the signals related to the imaginary movement to right.

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Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) has apparently enhanced the travel experience by including electronic gadgets and equipment as a part of the journey. The advancements made in VANETs lure the attackers and impose serious security threats to the communication channel. Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) is gaining popularity in developing a more secure VANET. The past reviews in EDCA or IEEE 802.11e mainly focus on the immersion throughput. This paper proposes a diagnostic model for IEEE 802.11e EDCA under non-immersed conditions in view of the edge transmission-cycle approach. This approach assesses the information trust and hub trust from the vehicular information collected through VANETs. The hub trust further segregated into, useful trust and suggestion trust, which show how likely a hub can full its usefulness and how dependable the proposals from a hub for different hubs will be, separately. The viability and effectiveness of the proposed Attack Resistant Trust (ART) Management plan is approved through broad investigations and discover the pernicious hub and the same has been wiped out with the goal that we are expanding the execution high.

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Ensuring the quality of laser-field welding requires monitoring not only the energy parameters of radiation and the intensity of the electrostatic field, but also the position of the focal spot. The calculation of the control channel for the laser radiation focus position during welding, which determines the parameters of the welded seam quality, is performed in the work. The active optoelectronic system parameters for the adjustment subsystem of the focus position relative to the seam with laser illumination of the seam are calculated, the model of the control channel is suggested taking into account the thermophysical phenomena occurring in the welding zone.

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Jackfruit peel waste is utilized to produce bio-oil using a slow pyrolysis process. However, the high water content of bio-oil gives detrimental impacts such as less lubrication action and low calorific value during the combustion process. Therefore, upgrading process of bio-oil is necessary before its application to substitute fuel for the commercial or industrial burner. Various technologies have been developed for bio-oil upgrading: sub/supercritical fluids, solvent addition, and steam reforming. These methods possess some disadvantages: energy-intensive, low efficiency, high cost, and reduce yield also valuable organic compounds in bio-oil. The removal of water in bio-oil by adsorption technique using low-cost adsorbents (silica gel and natural zeolite) was studied in this work. The adsorption-based purification method can be a new viable alternative to conventional methods, owing to its advantages: simple, high selectivity, low cost, and wide adaptability from laboratory- to industrial-scale operation. Purification of bio-oil using silica gel and zeolite could decrease water content reduced from 40.09% to 27.6% and 25.06%. Zeolite has higher maximum adsorption capacity (qm) and Equilibrium constant of adsorption process (KL) than Silica gel. Zeolite is the best material to obtain the greatest water reduction during bio-oil purification.

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Charged particle beams with high current density are applied more and more frequently. Obtaining of such particles is characterized by certain peculiarities which are stipulated by interaction between charged particles, the so-called effect of spatial charge. While calculating traveling of electron beams it is insufficient to take into account only external electromagnetic field, since the beam electrons create their own electric and magnetic fields with influence significantly on electron traveling at high current densities. Numeric simulation of intensive beams of charged particles is an important constituent in studies of processes occurring in various electrophysical devices of scientific and engineering purposes. Numerical simulation assumes performance of researches in three main fields: development of mathematical model, development of numerical algorithms, and development of software on the basis of the developed algorithms. Calculation of dynamics of intensive beams of charged particles is reduced to solution of non-linear self-consistent problem which is comprised of the equations of motion of charged particles, the Poisson equation for electric field potential, and equation of continuity.

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Power Line Communication uses the readily available power line for data communication. The power line channel is characterized by unpredictable noise, high attenuation and is highly frequency selective, making it a harsh medium for communication. Though the former two is not controllable, the latter is dependent on the network and may provide opportunities to minimize if not remove completely. In this paper, the frequency selectivity of various cables, loads and topologies are studied. The results show that, some cables and loads offer lesser frequency selective channels to communication signals than the other. An experimental verification of some test channels is also done. The results can be used in predicting the efficiency of the available power line when used as a communication medium and in the future design of cables and loads compatible for data transfer.

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The possibility of using adsorbents (bentonite, diatomite and kaolinite) for obtaining adsorptive materials effective in livestock breeding wastewater treatment has been assessed. It has been shown on the example of ions of ammonia (NH⁺₄) and phosphate (PO^3-₄ ) that particles of bentonite have relatively high adsorption capacity. For these systems, the time of establishing the adsorption balance at room temperature has been determined equaling to 24 h at pH 8 for NH⁺₄ and 2 hours at pH 6 for PO^3-₄. The data about adsorption kinetics have been processed with the use of first and second-order kinetic models. It has been revealed that the second-order kinetic model described better adsorption of ammonia and phosphate from aqueous solutions by particles of bentonite. Adsorption isotherms have been built and analyzed. The maximum adsorption for particles of bentonite in relation to ions NH⁺₄ and PO^3-₄ has reached 17.24 mg/g and of 5.37 mg/g, respectively.

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In this paper we proposed the system model for O-OFDM-IDMA and O-OFDMA in VLC Channel (Visible Light Communication as a media) and compared their performances in terms of receivers decoding complexities, BER (Bit Error Rate) and PAPR (Peak to average power ratio). For asymmetric clipping at zero both the multi carrier transmission schemes are tailored after OFDM modulation. The result of simulation shows that O-OFDM-IDMA is very power efficient in comparison to O-OFDMA for higher throughput values for the exceeding threshold value at a cost of higher decoding and computational complexity involved. The PAPR variation is not much significant for O-OFDM-IDMA and O-OFDMA. These results can be used as a basis for designing future Visible Light Communication based networks.

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The use of the Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLPNN) technique is proposed to estimate the future state of use of a licensed channel by primary users (PUs); this will be useful at the spectral decision stage in cognitive radio networks (CRN) to determine approximately in which time instants of future may secondary users (SUs) opportunistically use the spectral bandwidth to send data through the primary wireless network. To validate the results they were generated by simulation, channel occupancy data sequences. The results show that the prediction percentage is greater than 60% in some of the tests carried out.

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There is a significant potential in reducing the environmental impacts of various industrial products through the optimization and improvement of their design. On one hand we are improving their efficiency in the phase of their use and on the other hand we can design them in a way that causes less harm to the environment in the production phase through eco design. In this study we performed a comparison of 12 thermal insulation materials used for industrial products. Review of available documentation of insulation materials and other product information showed that the there is a lack of comparable data between them. The primal goal of the research was therefore to compare the embodied global warming potential of thermal insulation materials, expressed in terms of CO2-eq., for achieving a certain value of thermal resistance. The paper clearly demonstrates that the consideration of environmental impact of thermal insulation materials per unit weight is inadequate and can lead to deficient material selection, since we would need to take into account also the differences of material density and their thermal conductivity. The calculations and findings in this paper could help in selecting more environmentally friendly thermal insulations.

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Results of a research aimed to determine the influence regularities of seasonal variation of cars’ operational rate and conditions on engine operating life forming are presented. Research object is the process of car engine operating life forming according to seasonal variation of operational rate and conditions. As the result of the carried out research: the regularity of car engine operating life forming according to seasonal variation of operational rate and conditions is determined; an imitating model of car engine operating life forming is developed; a type of a mathematical model of the air temperature influence on car engines crankcase gases flow is defined; numerical values of mathematical model parameters are defined experimentally for engines of cars KamAZ-4310.

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OPSO and AAPSO are the most recently developed face recognition techniques, in order to optimize the parameters of SVM. However, in order to increase the optimization, a combination between OPSO and AAPSO techniques has been proposed in this paper. The proposed technique is called Adaptive-Opposition particle swarm optimization (AOPSO). In AOPSO, the random values in the initial generation of the population in PSO is solved by OPSO and the randomization fixed values in the velocity coefficient is solved using AAPSO in the same time. Then, the proposed algorithm is used with support vector machine to find the optimal parameters of SVM. The performance of the proposed AOPSO method has been validated with two face images datasets, YALE and CASIA datasets. In the proposed method, we have initially performed feature extraction, followed by the recognition of the extracted features. In the recognition process, the extracted features have been employed for SVM training and testing. During the training and testing, the SVM parameters have been optimized with the AOPSO technique. The comparative analysis has demonstrated that, the AOPSO-SVM proposed in this study has outperformed the existing PSO-SVM technique.

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In Indonesia, kaffir lime fruit is commonly discharged as waste. On the other hand, the fruit peel contains phenolics and flavonoids compounds that can be used as one of natural antioxidant souces. In the present work, we investigated the possibility to extract phenolics and flavonoids compounds from kaffir lime peel. Several solvents possesses different polarity were employed. Following the extraction step, the extracts have been tested to be used as antidiabetic agent by retarding the conversion of starch to sugars. Several steps have been performed to achieve the aims. Firstly, kaffir lime peel was prepared by drying, grinding and sieving to obtain certain particle size. Secondly, kaffir lime peel extracts were prepared by soaking the kaffir lime peel with solvents possessing different polarity (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane). Thirdly, the extracts were subjected to analyses of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antidiabetic activity. Fourthly, phenolics and flavonoids compounds in the extracts were detected by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The results show extracts of kaffir lime peel, i.e. water, ethanol and ethyl acetate demonstrated antidiabetic activity to different extents. Ethanolic extract exhibited the strongest antidiabetic activity with 34.2% inhibition, whilst the phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extract were detected lower than the water extract. Ethyl acetate and water extract possessed the ability to retard starch conversion by 12.3 and 5.7 %, respectively. Several phenolics and flavonoids were identified in the three extracts. Gallic acid content was found higher in the ethanolic extract which can be up to 22.5 and 10 times higher compared to water and ethyl acetate, respectively. Different amounts of flavonoids of rutin, quercetin, naringin, hesperidin and naringenin have been detected present in the extracts. The ability to kaffir lime peel extracts, particularly the ethanol extract, to inhibit starch conversion promises to be used as nutraceutical supplements especially as antidiabetic agent.

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This works presents two structures of active disturbance rejection controllers, Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (LADRC) and Nonlinear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (NADRC), to control single – link flexible joint robot manipulator. A comparison is made to evaluate the performance of suggested controllers in terms of transient characteristics. Moreover, the robustness capability of both controllers will be investigated with the presence of disturbance and uncertainty. One problem of NADRC and LADRC is they include various parameters which have an adverse effect on estimation process and, in turn, on the system performance unless they are properly tuned. Particle swarm technique (PSO) has been chosen as an optimal tuner to improve the estimation process and, thereby, to enhance the system performance.

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Oryctes rhinoceros is one of the major pest of palm oil in Indonesia. The entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae is a potential biocontrol agent of O. rhinoceros larvae. This study aimed to investigate the mortality and tissue damage of O. rhinoceros larvae infected by M. anisopliae using four different dosages. Forty eight larvae were used in this study. The larval mortality was observed for 12 days. Four samples of infected larvae with different levels of tissue damage were taken and made into a microscopic object. The result showed that various dosages of M. anisopliae resulting in different periods of larval mortality. The black spot in the integument of O. rhinoceros larvae was an early symptom of M. anisopliae infection. Eventually, the mycelia spread out from the larval body to the integument surface and form green conidia which searching for a new host. M. anisopliae cause O. rhinoceros larvae mortality occurred on 2nd – 12th day (P3), while P1 and P2 treatment took more than 12 days to die. The beneficial dose was P3 (4 g M. anisopliae + 100 g manure). The infection of M. anisopliae in O. rhinoceros larvae was characterized by brown spots (melanization); mummify symptoms (mummification), the appearance of white mycelium (mycoses), and dark green conidia in the final stage.

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The article is devoted to estimate the center-finders accuracy for holes of large-sized case details. Methodology for analyzing center-finders accuracy using dimensional chains and computational mathematics is proposed. It is shown that the quality classes calculated for a direct task can be extended. The methodology is applied to estimate the accuracy of center-finders with typical construction using the example of the specified tolerances for the deviation from alignment in the turbine K-300-240 and the diesel engine 10D100. As a result of calculating the dimensional chain for a direct task, the following values are obtained: 5quality class for the first case, and 6 for the second case. To check for the inverse task, a computer program that calculates the closing link by the Monte Carlo method with Gaussian distribution is written. Based on the mutual influence of the center-finder supports, tolerances can be extended to 6 and 7 respectively, without accuracy loss.

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The management of water resources in this study refers to the control of catchment water in the state of Kelantan. The quantity of water yield at a given time is important to identify the amount of water in a catchment area. The objective of this study is to obtain the quantities of water in the watershed of Kelantan. This study focuses on identifying 21 new water catchments based on Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and GIS location of Water Treatment Plant intake. The catchment area features the data relating to each catchment area such as the main river, land lot and area. Subsequently, a simple water balance model was used to obtain the total amount of water in each catchment area in June 2010. This model uses the rainfall and actual evapotranspiration derived from the Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM 2A25) satellite and the Landsat-5 TM satellite, respectively. The actual evapotranspiration was extracted using the False Color-Composite Model (FCC). This study shows the remote sensing-based water yield model is able to measure the amount of water in June 2010 for 20 catchment areas.

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Wireless Body Sensor Networks are frequently used in remote health care systems, particularly for elderly health care monitoring systems. The most important concerns of these systems are considered to be the accuracy of the data and the latency in transmission. Transceivers used in medical applications have important constraints like low power consumption, size limitation, speed and precise transmission. In this paper, we present a method of increasing the efficiency of the transmission by using an enhanced transceiver with ADPLL by considering short locking time, good locking range and good frequency resolution as focus factors. ADPLL based RF transceiver is used for modulating and transferring the information to the monitoring station or to the hospital. For this, two ADPLLs are compared based on locking time, locking range, power consumption, frequency resolution etc and ADPLL most suited for this application is given.

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In fluid dynamics, vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) are motions induced on bodies interacting with an external fluid flow, produced by the motion producing periodical irregularities on this flow. The work here is mainly a review of the flow field that is aroused due to the phenomenon of vortex induced vibration on the horizontally placed cylinders. Many researchers have worked on it to dig out various other ways to get the flow fields related to flow past a cylinder. Main aspects here are to find out the related theories on which the works had been undertaken. From those researches it can be said that Acoustic Doppler velocimeter and Laser Doppler velocimeter have been a major tool to measure the velocities across the horizontal or vertical under water cylinders/pipes. Utilizing modern instruments such as Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter or Laser Doppler velocimeter the three dimensional velocities at every points around the cylinder (to take the measurement the cylinder is to be halted at discreet depths of the water channel) could be measured and the from the values of velocities the parameters such as vortex strength (vorticity and circulation), bed shear stress (which is important while dealing with the removal of sediments), turbulent kinetic energy and other relevant parameters by which the device could be further modified to harness more power. Consequently various stresses can also be found out in order to select appropriate cylinder and related structure in making of workable vortex induced vibration aquatic clean energy generator in shallow water channels, to access the positions of huge amount of silt depositions that may be diverted at the banks due to such hydrodynamic structures and many others related operations.

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To generate the information about the process of internal grinding applied to envisage the grinding performance and accomplish the optimal operating procedure characteristics. In recent engineering and technology surface finishing and precision were playing a major role in the manufacturing organizations. Different methods such as burnishing, honing, lapping and grinding are exercised for accomplishing good quality of surface finish. Grinding is the appropriate method for improving the surface finish and precision concurrently between all of those constraints. Recently lot of researches has been carried out on surface grinding process, but only few articles were elaborately described about the internal grinding procedure. In view of the fact the internal grinding processes was chosen as a main tool to characterize throughout this study. Similar to surface grinding various process parameters are used to get high surface finish and it could be achieved for the various components. This article relating the possibilities to get greater surface finish in internal grinding process and also it demonstrates the machining parameters involved in this process. The machining parameters involved in these abrasive machining technologies were speed, feed, depth of cut and material removal rate and also these constraints were considered throughout the theoretical investigation.

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The conventional energy sources are not able to meet the increasing load demand, because those are depleting day by day. Therefore, the research has been done in this regard and resulting in introduction of renewable energy sources. These renewable energy sources became more popular because of its advantages like free of cost and pollution free. The solar energy, fuel cell and wind energy is being used frequently for power generation. Despite of its advantages it gives very less output voltage and further we need to increase the voltage level. Hence it is necessary to use voltage conversion device like DC-DC converter. In general, the current control technique is used to control the converters. In this paper, two renewable energy sources are considered and connected in parallel. Along with the conventional current control technique a voltage follower current control technique is proposed and implemented. The circuits are analyzed using Matlab/Simulink software.

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This paper provides the information on integrated approach to calculation of required thermal engineering and moisture characteristics of outer fences of industrial agricultural buildings based on moisture potential theory. The results of analytical and full-scale studies of temperature and moisture conditions of premises and outer fences of unheated industrial agricultural buildings (as single biological energetic complexes) are presented herein.

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The capability to monitor water or moisture content of material, then control it in actual real-time basis is vital that will affects ore quality, process control, material handling, flowability, and cohesivity. This paper describes experiment of a Random Stratified Sampling Sweeping Microwave method, moisture content measurement technique that lessen interference, annulling or superimposing signal, that are normal errors in moisture measurement using microwave transmission method. The technique is employed for nickel ore running on a belt conveyor exit to the rotary dryer. It showed that high bed depth and high phase stability are essential requirements that must be met for successful microwave moisture analysis of nickel ore. Attenuation parameter was the suitable parameter for the experiment, instead of Phase parameter, which is common parameter for the nickel ore application. The experimental results revealed regression of 0.85, standard error of 0.18, and accuracy of 0.7wt%.

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The pressure hull on a submarine usually consists of a long cylinder reinforced with a ring-shaped frame, so as not to fail to withstand the hydrostatic pressure load when the submarine is submerged at the depth of the ocean. This study focused on pressure-hull construction buckling strength and weight of structures using a ring stiffened compare with Swedge Stiffened structure system. Investigation of buckling strength in both types of pressure hull is done by considering the position of transverse bulkhead, frame spacing and volume of compartment. Linear buckling analysis was performed using finite element method, and the laying configuration of transverse bulkhead and frame spacing has been proposed to determine the influence of each structural configuration on buckling strength and weight of pressure hull structure.

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The number of attacks in recent times has tremendously increased due to the increase in Internet activities. This security issue has made the Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) a major channel for information security. The IDS’s are developed to in the handling of attacks in computer systems by creating a database of the normal and abnormal behaviors for the detection of deviations from the normal during active intrusions. The issue of classification time is greatly reduced in the IDS through feature selection. This paper is proposing the implementation of IDS for the effective detection of attacks. Based on this, the Firefly Algorithm (FA), a new binary feature selection algorithm was proposed and implemented. The FA selects the optimal number of features from NSL dataset. Additionally, the FA was applied with multi-objectives depending on the classification accuracy and the number of features at the same time. This is an efficient system for the detection of attacks reduction of false alarms. The performance of the IDS in the detection of attacks was enhanced by the proposed classification and feature selection algorithms.

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The introduction of many production operations using road-building machines is characterized by a high level of exposure to the operator by unfavorable factors of the production environment. Performance in difficult operating conditions is determined by the costs of processing, operation and maintenance of machines. The structural features of construction and road machines allow working on non-standard technological schemes. The conditions for the working may be incompatible with the standards of psychophysical stress of operators. Using the technology of remote control of road-building machines leads to functional changes in the performance indicators for the interaction of the machine and the operator.

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The identification of defective insulators from a common system of high-voltage insulators under operating voltage and located at certain distances from each other at distribution nodes and substations is a very difficult task. Based on these conditions, we developed a portable complex for the measurement and localization of occurrence of partial discharges (PD) on insulators with the ability to transfer information using a wireless network of process automation (WNPA) module. A complex two-channel method for remote diagnostics of the operating state of high-voltage insulators is developed. It is based on simultaneous recording, transmission and subsequent computer processing of PD signals detected by electromagnetic and acoustic sensors. WNPA modules with the ability to interact with Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, PLC, Ethernet, USB, RS-485, IrDA communication protocols are designed for monitoring the state of objects, automation of corporate and public buildings by collecting and transmitting information from external sensors, automatic retranslation of transmitted data, etc.

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