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ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences
April 2021 | Vol. 16 No. 8 |
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Title: |
Utilization of unsaturated fatty acid from papaya seed oil waste (Carica
Papaya L) as raw materials in the making of epoxy compounds |
Author (s): |
Mersi S. Sinaga, Rondang Tambun, Wika G. Tiffani and Jose |
Abstract: |
Epoxy compounds are commercial products that can be used as stabilizers,
plasticizers in PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and can be used as antioxidants
in natural rubber processing, a s surfactants, anti-corrosive additives
in lubricating oils and pesticide raw materials. Epoxy compounds
produced by the reaction between unsaturated fatty acids and peroxy
acid. The raw material in this research is papaya seed oil. The purpose
of this research is to study the combination of catalyst concentration,
the amount of H2O2 (mL) and stirring speed (rpm) on the characteristics
of the epoxy compounds. In this study, the fatty acids contained in the
raw material were reacted with hexane, glacial acetic acid, H2O2 with
variations of 40 mL, 50 mL, 60 mL, and 70 mL, sulfuric acid as a
catalyst with variations of 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, stirring speed with
variations of 400 rpm, 500 rpm, and 600 rpm for 180 minutes. The results
showed that the best epoxy compounds results were obtained at a catalyst
concentration of 2.5%, 70 mL H2O2, and a stirring speed of 600 rpm,
which obtained an oxirane oxygen number of 3.52, an iodine number of
10.4058 and an oxirane oxygen conversion of 73 .76471 %. |
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Title: |
The integration of geo-informatics technology with
Universal Soil Loss
Equation to analyze areas prone to soil erosion in Nan Province |
Author (s): |
Preecha Pradabmook and Teerawong Laosuwan |
Abstract: |
Soil erosion is a natural disaster which frequently takes place in the
Northern region of Thailand. Soil erosion causes loss of lives and
properties of residents. This study was aimed to integrate a
geo-informatics technology with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)
in order to analyze areas which are prone to soil erosion in Nan
Province, Thailand. The operation was performed by analyzing 6 factors
of USLE including Rainfall erosivity (R-factor), Soil erodibility
(K-factor), Slope length (L) and slope steepness (S), Cropping
management (C), and Conservation practice (P) with overlay analysis
being adopted as the last method. It was found from the analysis that
the severity of the soil-erosion prone areas of Nan Province constituted
5 levels that included the least severity of 2,120.192 km2, the less
severity of 2,728.851 km2, the moderate severity of 2,937.822 km2, the
much severity of 2,133.648 km2, and the most severity of 1,551.5584 km2.
The findings from this study can be embraced as a guideline to plan on
the conservation and the management of land, and applied in a decision
making process related to the land use planning in Nan Province,
Thailand. |
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Title: |
A simplified and efficient epilepsy classification technique from
EEG
signals using PCA |
Author (s): |
Harikumar Rajaguru |
Abstract: |
Epilepsy causes rapid and revertible changes in the functions of the
brain due to the constant occurrence of recurrent seizures. For the
epileptic detection and classification, Electroencephalography (EEG)
signals are used as this can relate the functions related to the
activities of the brain. This paper presents the performance analysis of
Approximate Entropy (ApEn) as a Feature Extraction Technique and Fuzzy
Mutual Information (FMI), Linear Graph Embedding (LGE) as Dimensionality
Reduction Techniques followed by the Application of Principal Component
Analysis (PCA) as a Post Classifier for the Classification of Epilepsy
Risk Levels from EEG signals. The benchmark parameters used for the
analysis here are Performance Index (PI), Quality Values (QV),
Specificity, Sensitivity, Time Delay and Accuracy. |
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Title: |
Synthesis bio-based oil from catfish fat, blending bio-lubricant |
Author (s): |
Hong Tran Thi, Tien Nguyen Minh, Nhan Cao Thanh, Nguyen Nguyen Thi Thanh,
Huong Pham Van, Anh Nguyen Thi Van, Linh Le Phuong, Thong Tran The and
Tan Phan Minh |
Abstract: |
Catfish fat was pre-filtered to catfish oil. Catfish oil was chemical
converted to esterified catfish oil by the epoxydation reaction and ring
opening reaction of epoxidized catfish oil. Base on the formula of
SAE20W50 engine lubricants, bio-lubricants were blended by replacing
mineral base oil (SN500) as esterified catfish oil in ratio (wt/wt) at
10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60 and 50/50. FT-IR method was used to identify
functional groups of samples. The oxidation resistance of samples was
determinated by TGA method and Rancimat test. The biodegradability of
samples was analyzed by COD test and BOD test. Properties of material
and products were determined by TCVN standard and ASTM standard. From
the analysis results show that, esterified catfish oil can used as
bio-based oil and blend of ratio of (wt/wt) esterified catfish
oil/SN500/ at 40/60 can not only meet the characteristics of SAE20W50
lubricant but also it may be high biodegradability. The synthesis
esterified catfish oil from catfish fat and preparation of bio-lubricant
from esterified catfish oil can develop in green chemistry. |
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Title: |
Adaptive control system for two-motor electric drive of heavy object
rotation mechanism |
Author (s): |
Pavel Petrov, Viktor Ivel, Yuliya Gerasimova, Alexander Kashevkin and
Sayat Moldakhmetov |
Abstract: |
The article highlights the principle of creating a control system for a
two-motor asynchronous electric drive. The principle is based on the
identification of the electromechanical time constant of each motor.
Based on this, the adjustment of the number of revolutions of the
“slave” electric drive to the number of revolutions of the “master”
electric drive is achieved. The developed experimental unit for rotating
a large object consists of the following elements: a rotation frame, a
two-motor electric drive, a control board based on an ATmega2560
microcontroller, digital highly precise angular movement sensors, as
well as power converters and reducing gearboxes. The obtained result of
time of the transition process of synchronization of speeds satisfies
theoretical calculations but requires optimization for real industrial
facilities. |
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Title: |
Predicting methane emissions from multiple gas-bearing coal seams to
longwall goafs at Russian mines |
Author (s): |
Andrey Alexandrovich Sidorenko, Pavel Nikolaevich Dmitriev and Yury
Georgiyevich Sirenko |
Abstract: |
The purpose of the study is to improve methods for predicting methane
emissions from adjacent coal seams to longwall goafs. To assess
prediction efficiency, an analysis was carried out of the existing
methods for calculating the parameters of gas emission zones in
overlying and underlying coal seams. Different methodologies were
analyzed that are used by both companies developing Russian coal basins
and those operating in top coal-producing countries (China, the USA, and
Australia). As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the
methodology described in one of the coal mining regulations currently in
force in Russia does not take into consideration a number of important
factors that have a significant impact on methane emissions to longwall
goafs. The article demonstrates that it is necessary to take into
account such parameters as panel width and the depth of cover. To
confirm that the depth of cover affects the permeability of underlying
and overlying coal seams in the zones of stress relief, numerical models
describing such zones were developed using the finite element method.
Numerical modelling was carried out using a 2D rock mass model that
included three coal seams (underlying, overlying, and the one being
developed), mine workings, and a goaf. The Mohr-Coulomb model was used
to describe rock behaviour under stress. By comparing stress
distribution patterns at depths of cover of 300, 500, and 900 m with a
300-m distance to the overlying seam and a 50-m distance to the
underlying seam, it was concluded that the extent of the gas emission
zone created by the underlying seam significantly exceeds the value
specified in regulations (35 m) and depends on the depth of cover. It
was also established that the effect of stress relief (i.e. an increase
in the effective porosity and permeability of the seam) on the seam
being overmined increases along with growth in the depth of cover. This
dependence is explained by the fact that changes in stresses under the
goaf become more significant at greater depths. The novelty of the study
consists in identifying a significant effect of stress relief on
permeability that manifests itself and great depths of cover and in
providing a rationale for improving the methodology for predicting
methane emissions from coal seams being overmined at Russian mines by
taking into account changes in effective porosity that depend on the
depth of cover. |
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Title: |
Technogenic impact of radionuclides on oil and gas facilities (On
the
example of the Kumkol field) |
Author (s): |
Panabek Tanzharikov, Nurzhamal Ermukhanova, Aliya Tashimova, Zhangyl
Abilbek and Zaurekul Kerimbekova |
Abstract: |
In this paper described technogenic impact of radionuclides on oil and
gas facilities. When oil products are spilled on the surface as a result
of accidents in the oil and gas industry, they are further filtered to
the depth of the soil, which leads to the accumulation of radionuclides
in the soil. Natural radionuclides then migrate to plants and further
along trophic chains. Natural radionuclides that contribute to external
? radiation enter natural sources - air, water, soil. Today, soil
pollution by oil products is one of the most acute environmental
problems, as it contributes to the growth of radioactivity in the
environment. The components of bitumen and paraffin in the oil entering
the soil lead to significant changes in the properties of the soil
profile. The gamma background in the region averages 0.11 to 0.20 µSv /
h. In Kyzylorda region, hazardous wastes with the possibility of
radionuclides include oil wastes, including drilling mud and used
ingredients. Development of the Kumkol field began more than 30 years
ago (1986). If a large area of oil and gas production areas is not
treated and completely cleared of waste over decades, it will have a
permanent negative radiation effect on humans and the biosphere. |
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Title: |
Analysis of rollover risk in the highway
Pamplona Cucuta |
Author (s): |
Adrian R. Patiño, Edwin Espinel-Blanco, Gustavo Guerrero Gomez, Rafael
Bolivar and Gonzalo G. Moreno-Contreras |
Abstract: |
The risk of accidents due to rollover of heavy vehicle is an issue that
has always been studied in many countries, one of the most widely used
factors to determine the vehicle’s stability is the Static Rollover
Threshold. For the calculation of this factor, the movement of the
center of gravity is taken into account, which is affected by the
vehicle and road characteristics. This is extremely important since
through its use can predict how the behavior of certain vehicles will be
in certain sections of a road, thus making it possible to establish safe
speed limits for these vehicles. Taking into account this, and using the
Static Rollover Threshold a rollover risk analysis is carried out in
some critical points of the highway Pamplona-Cucuta to determine safe
speed limits. |
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Title: |
A modified TDS Technique for a simpler well test model in a
Non-Newtonian
fluid system |
Author (s): |
Freddy Humberto Escobar, Angelica María Sanchez and Daniel Suescun-Diaz |
Abstract: |
Power-law fluids are very common in the oilfield industry. Engineers find
them in completion and stimulation treatment works when using such
fluids as polymers, foams and some heavy crude oils which obey a
non-Newtonian model. Therefore, engineers must be able to identify and
characterize pressure transient behavior on such systems. Several
expressions have been developed to find reservoir permeability and skin
factors. The most recent use the TDS Technique which basically uses some
characteristic points and features on the pressure and pressure
derivative versus time log-log plot. In this work a modification of the
TDS Technique is introduced to account for a shorter version of a
pressure solution model that makes a slight change in the determination
of the slope of the pressure derivative curve during radial flow regime.
The proposed simplification initially came with a trial-and-error
procedure which is somehow tedious. Although, the variation is small, a
tremendous impact on the permeability and skin factor calculation is
found with absolute error values up to 76%. |
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Title: |
Utilization of falcata sawdust briquettes as an alternative solid fuel |
Author (s): |
Rodimar T. Eduagin, Ralph Jhan L. Galarrita, Juniel F. Calixtro, Freddie
D. Oclaman and Consorcio S. Namoco Jr. |
Abstract: |
In this study, the falcata sawdust was utilized to produce briquettes.
The samples were produced using a single mold manual briquetting device.
The falcata sawdust was mixed with three binders namely cassava starch,
paper pulp and molasses at 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 sawdust-to-binder
ratio and were then evaluated in terms of its calorific value, boiling
time and durability. Results showed that the calorific value of
briquettes decreased as the sawdust-to-binder ratio is increased.
Briquette samples with 70:30 sawdust-to-binder ratio can boil water in a
shortest period. Meanwhile, the the durability of briquettes increased
as the sawdust-to-binder ratio is increased. Among the binders
considered, cassava starch has the highest durability followed by paper
pulp. Further, a manually-operated briquetting machine that can produce
25 briquettes with an average production time per batch of 5 minutes was
fabricated. The said machine can produce 300 briquettes per hour. |
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Title: |
Design and engineering calculation of a
screw press for extracting juice from sea buckthorn |
Author (s): |
Nazerke Muratzhankyzy, Amirzhan Kassenov,
Mukhtarbek Kakimov, Duman Orynbekov, Zhanar Moldabayeva, Samal
Tokhtarova and Zhaiyk Tokhtarov |
Abstract: |
This
paper describes an experimental screw press for juice and cake
separation. The constructive and structural schemes of the press are
given, the characteristics of the main units of the equipment and the
principle of its operation are presented. The algorithm of engineering
calculation of juicer design is resulted, which is based on the
calculation of pressing duration at different rates of screw rotation (?
= 14653 rad/s,
? = 12,56 rad/s,
?
= 16,75 rad/s,
?= 18,84 rad/s) and
studied influence of compression pressure by changing of diaphragm holes
(d=6•10-3 m;
d=10-3 m;
d=10•10-3 m;
d=12•10-3 m). The proposed method of
engineering calculation of the pressing process makes it possible to
determine the optimum parameters in advance and to develop a press of
any capacity depending on production conditions. |
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