Security conservation based common evaluation of mutual information in cloud computing

Cloud technology is not only storage medium to store data but resources can also be shared across multiple users. But the integrity of information in cloud is subjected to doubtfulness due to the presence of hardware or software malfunctions and human faults. A number of mechanisms permit both data owners and public verifiers to effectively inspect cloud data correctness without downloading the whole information from the cloud server. The proposed paper introduces novel Token Based Ring System (TBRS) based Privacy-Preserving Technique which raises the security level of the information and supports hiding the identity privacy for group members and shared data stored in the cloud. We exploit enhanced ring signatures to preserve the identity of the signer. With this the identity of the signer on each block in shared data is kept private by utilizing tokens. We further extend the concept of ring signatures to support dynamic groups. Enhanced security and performance analysis prove that the proposed schemes are highly securable and efficient.

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Preliminary optimization of a common rail direct injection diesel alternative to the AE2100 class turbo shafts

Luca Piancastelli and Leonardo Frizziero

It is shown that a CRDID (Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel) turbo compound design is a highly over constrained problem. Very few options are available to the designer, even from the metallurgical point of view. The process of the preliminary design is fully described and the preliminary performance evaluation is fully described. A comparison with the original turbo shaft installation of a Hercules C130J aircraft is performed and the results are analyzed. The CRDID turbo compound seems an extremely convenient option since it can halve the fuel consumption, with increased safety and reduced logistical problems. CRDID emissions, with SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) may easily reach the automotive Euro 6 standard.

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Ultra violet (UV) lasers have been used in food industry, medicine and dentistry to deactivate pathogenic bacteria of various types. The use of laser and other pulsed light systems for phototherapy and other microbial disinfections are based on spectral characteristics and configuration of the light source used. Here we explore the extent to which two pulsed laser parameters (wavelength and pulse frequency) affect deactivation of two pathogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Three pulsed laser wavelengths, 1064nm and its 2nd and 3rdharmonics, were used to irradiate samples of E. coli at approximately same fluence. A 350nm continuous wave flash lamb, with output configuration close to that of the 3rd harmonic of the laser, was also used for the purpose of comparison. The result indicates that the log reductions for the laser wavelengths are higher (almost double) that of continuous wave light. When E. coli and L. monocytogenes samples were irradiated with the 3rd harmonic wavelength using three different pulse frequencies, the result shows higher deactivation effect at higher pulse frequency than at lower pulse frequency.

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A review of developing low noise amplifier integrated notch filter for various type of application

Nasrullah Saifullah, Zahriladha Zakaria, Azahari Salleh and Muhamad Fadhli Muhamad Fadzil

Nowadays, a number of low noise amplifiers have been developed to cover a multifunction capability such as Ultra wideband system, noise rejection and image rejection WLAN standard, GSM and others. Low noise amplifier is the one of important part in receiver. However, the integration of notch filter will introduce the multifunction which amplify and attenuate at single device. The notch filter commonly used as band rejection to remove unwanted frequency band so it could prevent for interference with other application. This paper presents a compilation of important review about design of low noise amplifier integrated notch filter and a regular low noise amplifier in term of various type of method, circuit, topology, matching technique and materials to cover various types of applications. Parameter reviewed for each paper is based on gain, input return loss and noise figure.  In this particular review, hopefully that a greater knowledge of low noise amplifier concept might be developed thereby can have a better future.

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A practical method to determine aquifer leakage factor from well test data in CBM reservoirs

Freddy Humberto Escobar, Priyank Srivastav and Xingru Wu

Water influx is an important factor which needs to be quantified during early stages of reservoir development to justify project economics. For a CBM reservoir it is much more important to quantify degree of connection between Coal seams and aquifer (if any) as its production mechanism is based on efficient dewatering process. However, it is difficult to quantify connection factor values early in field life. Many traditional models ranging from simplest steady state model by Schilthuis and fetkovich utilizing material balance, to unsteady state solution of diffusivity equation by Van-Everdingen and Hurst exists for finding water influx but nearly all of them have inherit assumptions related to aquifer/reservoir boundray pressure or influx rate and requires accurate historical production data for estimation of correct influx which is often not available. However, during Appraisal/exploratory stage we do have accurate measurement of pressure at wellbore and production/injection rate when we conduct pressure transient testing. Well test analysis plays an important role in reservoir characterization and can aid in correct water influx calculations. Currently, pressure falloff test responses to quantify water influx in the reservoir with wells that exist near constant pressure boundary can be analyzed by either type-curve matching or non-linear regression analysis. The former is basically a trial-and-error procedure and the later can lead to incorrect/impractical results. So, we need a more robust and accurate methods for water influx calculation. In this work, a practical method is developed to interpret the injection-falloff test response for a CBM reservoir in connection with aquifer to quantify connection factor between aquifer and reservoir using pressure transient tests which are usually conducted during field appraisal/exploration phase. Besides complementing the conventional straight-line method for the determination the leakage factor, we also provide a solution using characteristic points found on the pressure, pressure derivative and second pressure derivative log-log plot of a ‘leaky aquifer’ reservoir model (Cox and Onsager, 2002) which allowed us to develop relationships for the accurate estimation the leakage factor. An extremely useful application of the second pressure derivative was also included for estimation the unknown reservoir permeability for cases in which radial flow regime is completely masked by other flow regimes. The provided interpretation methodologies were successfully tested with synthetic examples.

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Mechanical properties of high performance concrete with admixtures and steel fibre

Nivin Philip and D Neeraja

This paper presents comparison of three mineral admixtures, Alccofine 1203 (A), Metakaoline (MK) and Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) on the Mechanical properties of High Performance Concrete (HPC). Assessment of the mechanical properties of concrete mixes was based on compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength of concrete and durability tests. Tests were carried out after first24 hour warped curing and then water curing. The results, in general, showed that mineral admixtures improved the properties of high performance concretes, but at different rates depending on the binder type.

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Design of cache memory mapping techniques for low power processor

R.Ramya and T.Ravi

The use of cache memory makes the processing of access in a faster rate. The main purpose of cache memory is to give faster memory access by which the data read should be fast and at the same period d provide less expensive and types of semiconductor memories which are of large memory size. There is correspondingly main memory which is large but slow together with a smaller as well faster cache memory. The cache memory contains a copy of instruction from main memory. The processor when it needs to read from or write to in the main memory locations, it first checks whether the cache memory contains the required data. This paper presents a two level cache in which the splitting of cache level is used by which faster access time and low power consumption can be achieved. The main focus of this project is reduced access time and power consumption.

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Performance analysis of an efficient time-to-threshold PWM archiecture using cmos technology

T. Jaya bharathi and N.Mathan

The CMOS active pixel sensors are used for reducing the pixel size and dynamic range of the sensors. Sensitivity is applicable in active pixel sensors. The photodiode is used for sensing element. The control circuit generates timing data, which is distributed in parallel to all pixels of array. In proposed system single event upset flip flop is used in 130 nm-technologies for better performance in average power. A conventional master-slave flip-flop is very sensitive to particular strike that causes single event upset. When the clock is low, single event upset is upset in the logic state of the slave latch, which results in the faulty output of flip-flop. The single event upset flip flop the proposed flip-flop achieves the smallest power delay product, which implies that the proposed flip-flop has better performance. High resolution in the mobile applications is done by CMOS active pixel sensors. CMOS image sensor used in medical applications for diagnostic capabilities like pills cam.

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Characterisation of peek coated ss316 l for biomedical application

R.B Durairaj, Priyam Borah and Y. Thuvaragees

In this paper the Corrosion resistance and Micro hardness of the coating are investigated on Polyether ether Ketone (PEEK) coated SS316 L. The coatings of 5 microns thickness have been achieved in plasma spray process where the distance between the target and the substrate has maintained in the range of 2.5 to 4 inch. The uniformity of the coating and surface characteristics of the coating has been examined using Atomic force Microscope (AFM) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The salt spray test has been conducted for 320Hrs for Uncoated and PEEK coated SS316 L samples with sodium chloride solution and the P_H of the solution has maintained from 6.74 to 6.87. It is observed that the red rust has been formed in the substrate (SS316 L) after 300Hrs where as the coated sample remains unchanged beyond 320Hrs. Also the hardness of the material comparatively with the stainless steel substrate.

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Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil methyl ester

K Srinivasa Rao, K Bhaskara Mutyalu and A Ramakrishna

In Compression Ignition engines, formation of NO_X is highly temperature dependent phenomenon and takes place when the temperature in the combustion chamber is very high (exceeds 2000 K). The problem of NO_X emission is also high when diesel engines are operated with biodiesel due to availability of more Oxygen. Therefore in order to reduce NO_X emission in the exhaust, it is necessary to keep peak combustion temperature under control. One simple way of reducing the NO_X emission of compression ignition engine is by injection delay of fuel in to combustion chamber. This method is effective but increases the fuel consumption, which necessitates the use of more effective NO_X reduction technique like exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Recirculating part of the exhaust gas along with fresh air admission helps in reducing NO_X. An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on diesel engine Performance and Emission characteristics fueled with Waste Cooking Oil Methyl Ester and its blends with diesel. The EGR setup required for this work was developed on a single cylinder, direct injection, water cooled compression ignition engine. Waste Cooking Oil Methyl Ester produced by Transesterificaton process was used to operate the engine. The different EGR rates ranging from 0% to 20% in steps of 5% for waste cooking oil methyl ester blends with diesel fuel were consider for the study of various Performance and Emission characteristics. For all blends reduced NO_X emission was observed with EGR. The better engine characteristics were obtained with EGR rate of 15% for all fuel blends.

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SPWM based three phase stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system

S. Saravanan and T.S. Sivakumaran

Photovoltaic energy is a renewable energy with high potential, easy installation, simple maintenance, dependability and long life. Photovoltaic system output is non-linear and is affected by weather conditions, so maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) was implemented to draw out the maximum power from solar energy. In order to increase the efficiency of stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system, it is most important an efficient Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is needed. This paper proposed a technique of tracking Maximum Power Point based on Incremental Conductance (INC) algorithm with Luo converter and three phase PWM Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) are implemented to measure the effectiveness of the Photovoltaic (PV) system and tracking mechanism.

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An efficient policy based security mechanism using hmac to detect and prevent unauthorized access in cloud transactions

Judy Jenita S., Justin Samuel S., Abirami S. and R. S. Shalini

A cloud computing paradigm accommodates a large number of remotely located servers networked together, by providing access to a centralized resource to all the entities participating within a cloud transaction. Whereas, the virtual cloud is a recent trend in cloud computing in which multiple third party vendors renting a virtual space thereby improving the virtual memory space to accommodate a wide range of resources. In this paper, we propose a secured cloud infrastructure with HMAC authentication and policy fixation for individual users. Also, multiple transactions executing on a cloud server is administered by a centrally located transaction manager which deals with the policy fixation engagements to different users participating in that particular transaction. The proofs of authorisations are evaluated for each participant to facilitate the concept of safe and trusted cloud transactions. Policy violations occurring within the cloud a server is termed as policy inconsistency updates which is overcome by the proposed HMAC authentication algorithm. Transactions are either committed or aborted with the permission from all the participating cloud servers within certain time periods provided by the application of a Two phase validation commit protocol. Experimental results show a greater improvement in the security of the system using HMAC. The outcome of this work shows notable improvement in the security level of transactions.

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Solar powered boost converter for PMDC motor driven electric vehicle

Arun srinivas T, Rajendran V and Sasi Kumar M

Electric cars which would dominate the future car industry would give off zero carbon emissions and are even better than hybrid vehicles in this regard because hybrids running on gas have emissions, while electric cars are totally 100 percent free of pollutants. An efficient DC/DC converter with soft switching topology is proposed in this paper to drive a permanent magnet DC motor that functions as the main thrust engine in the electric vehicle. This converter efficiently utilizes the energy stored in the inductors and capacitors to improve the performance of the Boost converter. With the interest in the utilization of renewable energy resources that is available in huge amount in India, the proposed converter is powered by the solar photovoltaic (PV) system. Power MOSFET that has the advantages of higher commutation speed, greater efficiency that can sustain a high blocking voltage and maintain a high current is used as a switching device in the chopper circuit. The speed control of the machine is achieved by using a simple pulse width modulation technique. The design and modelling of the proposed DC/DC converter is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK tool and the results are analyzed and discussed in this paper.

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Comparative analysis of 4-bit and 8-bit reversible barrel shifter designs using revkit

In the recent years, reversible logic has emerged as a viable approach in power optimization and also has found its importance in low power CMOS, quantum computing, nanotechnology, and optical computing. The main challenge in reversible circuits is to optimize the quantum cost, time delay and the garbage outputs associated with the reversible circuit. ‘RevKit’ in recent years has become a popular and powerful tool for design visualization, implementation and analysis in reversible computing. In this work, we have implemented the design of reversible 4-bit and 8-bit barrel shifter circuits in RevKit and results are analyzed in terms of quantum cost, delay, garbage outputs, gate count, line count and transistor cost. Further, the simulation results have been documented and tabulated to facilitate a comparative study with conventional designs.

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Design of fractional order pi controller using metaheuristic algorithms applied to dc-dc boost converter- a comparision

R.Senthilkumar and V.Manikandan

In the recent time, fractional order controllers have found wide application in the control of dynamical systems. This work investigates the applications of fractional order proportional and integral controller, to track a commanded output voltage of DC-DC converter and also enhance the transient response. The objective function is to obtain the controller parameters based on the minimization of integral square error (ISE). The indices have been minimized using Queen Bee assist GA (QBGA) optimization technique and it is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. In this paper, we present the comparison of other optimization technique or approaches like GA-FOPI and PSO-FOPI. Simulation results show that the proposed QBGA fractional order PI controller is able to outperform the GA and PSO fractional order PI controllers.

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Experimental investigation for flexural strength of fly ash concrete with addition of alkaline activater

M. Kalaivani

Cement is the most energy intensive construction material which production increases 3% annually. The production of one ton of cement liberates about one ton of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. So, one of the way to produce eco-friendly concrete to reduce the use of Cement by replacing fly-ash with alkaline liquids. In this project comparison of Flexural strength of Geopolymer concrete with Control concrete. At first mix proportion for M40 Grade is found using IS method. In proportion the cement is fully replaced by fly-ash with alkaline liquids. Sodium silicate (Na2Sio3) and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution are used as alkaline liquids in different Molarities proportions. Concentration of NaOH was kept 8M and 10M in order to make 1Kg of solution; 400g of pellets were dissolved in the 1 liter of water. Both the liquids were mixed together and alkaline solution was prepared. In this project casting of beam of size 1000 X 150 X 150 mm are cast for finding flexural strength. The beams are tested at 7, 14 and 28 days. And then the strength Geopolymer concrete compared with Nominal concrete.

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A review of antenna designs with harmonic suppression for wireless power transfer

Nurzaimah Zainol, Zahriladha Zakaria, Maisarah Abu, Mohammed Saeed Jawad and Mawarni Mohamed Yunus

This paper presents the investigation and characterization of antenna design with harmonic suppression for wireless power transfer to improve the overall system performance for RF/microwave front-end subsystems. This study focuses on the geometry of antenna to produce filtering and radiating element on antenna circuit itself by suppressing unwanted signal resonate at higher order other than spurious radiation. The research work about antenna with harmonic suppression was reviewed and analyzed in order to propose optimum topology that suits in energy scavenging and most importantly the new proposed structure must have high gain for overall system performance. The printed antenna which is microstrip patch antenna are mostly used due to efficient radiators, lightweight, simple construction and cost effectiveness. This antenna with harmonic suppression would be useful in microwave systems and can be integrated with rectenna system or wearable energy application where the systems give size reduction.

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Experimental investigation on strength and durability characteristics of high performance concrete using GGBS and msand

Christina Mary V and Kishore CH

Cement is the major constituent of concrete which is produced by natural raw materials like limestone rock, clay and chalk e.t.c. These are produced by blasting quarries. Industrial wastes like Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) show chemical properties similar to cement. Use of pozzolanic material like GGBS will reduced the cost of concrete and helps to reduce rate of cement consumption. This research explains about strength and durability analysis of GGBS concrete which gives assurance to encourage people working in the construction industry for the beneficial use of it. This research work focuses on strength and durability characteristics of M40 grade concrete with replacement of cement by GGBS with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% and replacement of natural sand by Msand with 50% and compares it with conventional concrete. Compressive, split and flexural test were conducted on concrete specimens for strength analysis and for durability studies RCPT, Sorptivity and Acid attack test were conducted. HPC mixes have also indicated better resistance to chloride when tested in RCPT (Permeability Test), Sorptivity and to the attack of chemical such as HCL acid when the HPC mixes were exposed to this acid for 30 days period.

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Pressure and pressure derivative analysis for fractal homogeneous reservoirs with power-law fluids

Freddy H. Escobar, Laura Natalia Salcedo and Carmen Pinzon-Torres

There are some approximations when we can say that a reservoir is homogeneous, even though this is not completely true, when the reservoir has some specific properties, from the well testing point of view, it can be considered as homogeneous. Other assumptions that are made when analyzing a reservoir is that the fluids inside the reservoir behave as Newtonian fluids, which we know is not truly an approximation since the reservoir is under conditions of temperature and pressure that do not allow the fluids to behave as a Newtonian fluid. Chang and Yorstos (1990) characterized a fracture network in a reservoir using fractal geometry which seems to reproduce better either fluid behavior inside the porous media or the network of natural fractures. The purpose of this paper is to apply the concept of fractal geometry to a homogeneous reservoir, and beyond that to take into account the fluid behavior on the pressure and pressure derivate log-log plot. The objective is to provide an analytical methodology for characterizing such systems. Since the reservoirs we are going to work with are homogenous, the supposition of a fractal reservoir is a good approximation, and so there were expressions developed for the calculation of the fractal parameters Dfandq, that were developed under the analysis of synthetic pressure transient tests. After the equations were proposed, they were tested with synthetic examples, and the results met the requirements satisfactorily.

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Friend book is a novel semantic-based friend recommendation system for social networks, based on their life styles instead of social graphs which recommend friends to users. Friend book discovers life styles of users, measures the similarity of life styles between users, if their life styles have high similarity it recommends friends to users. User’s daily life is modelled as life documents, from which users life styles are extracted by using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm; Similarity metric to measure the similarity of life styles between users, user’s impact is calculated in terms of life styles with a friend-matching graph. A linear feedback mechanism is integrated that exploits the user’s feedback to improve recommendation accuracy.

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Wireless Sensor Network consists of a sink and a number of stationary nodes. In WSN, there are two major problems namely, limited energy and fault occurrence. In the proposed system, to decrease the energy consumption, the nodes are randomly deployed over an area. This area is divided into NxN square grids. At the center of each grid, a Mobile Sensor is placed, which moves in a criss-cross manner so that all the nodes in the region comes within its range and can effectively collect the data. Routing is performed among the mobile sensors and the collected data is uploaded to the sink. The lifetime of the network is calculated and the efficiency is found. When compared to the normal deployment of the network without any mobile sensors, the energy consumption is less and lifetime is more. For addressing the fault occurrence issue, we use various fault prediction methods for both predictable and unpredictable faults such as out-of range prediction, habitat hazard and e-scan method. When a node is found to the failed node using the Hybrid swarm optimization method.

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Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information-processing archetype that draws inspiration from biological nervous systems, like the brain, in order to process information. The key unit of this information processing system is the large number of highly interconnected processing elements called neurons. Research activities started as early as in 1943 to simulate neural behavior upon building mathematical models. A neural network model is based on the nature of the problem, characteristics of the application domain and the learning procedure of the selected model. Currently, many neural network models have been built, each with distinct performance features. An attempt is made to study the various ANN suitable for clustering with an accuracy similar to the best statistical methods and which are characterized by parallel processing, a distributed architecture, and a large number of nodes, at the same time capable of proposing an optimal number of groups into which the patterns may be clustered .This paper gives an overview of such neural network models and their applications. This survey is a supplementary process in choosing a suitable ANN algorithm for web services clustering.

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Nowadays, Wireless network becomes unavoidable resource in the modern world. Security of wireless network becomes very important critical research issue in this decade. This paper focused on various kinds of attacks and proposed methodology for authentication. Attacks which may be passive attacks or active attacks will collapse the entire operation of the whole network. The attacks on wireless network are much complicated than traditional wired network. Hence, designing a secured authentication attracts many researchers. In this paper, an ant colony optimization is proposed for mobile agent and which is used for secure group management. The ant colony optimization is a swarm intelligence based real time routing protocol which offers highly reliable and optimal routing for both single path and multi path routing. Hence, securing ant colony optimization for wireless network will lead to appreciable result.

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This paper considers a continuous review policy with controllable lead time and the partial backordering under the circumstance of uncertain quantity received. A Non Linear Programming Model is constructed with service level constraint. An optimal inventory control approach by the Lagrange multiplier method is applied. The lead time crashing cost is considered as an exponential function of lead time, while the order processing cost and lost sales rate are considered as logarithmic functions of capital investment. The objective of this study is to minimize the total relevant cost by simultaneously optimizing the order quantity, lost sales rate and order processing cost.

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A new energy compaction algorithm that compresses the image of a foot print based on Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT) using 2-D Haar Wavelet Transform of the gray scale image is proposed. The foot print image is resized to 256 x 256. Wavelet Transforms are used for noise reduction in order to improve the image quality. This is accomplished through Wavelet Decomposition followed by selective compression of undesirable noise components. Use of a Bi-Lateral filter to smoothen the ridges of the foot print and filtering the image without blurring the sharp edges. The reconstruction of the image is done using Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transformation (IDWT) with the maximum correlation of adjacent scales. The image is further used to match identity of the person’s foot print from data base by measuring the Euclidean distance.

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Segmentation of brain nuclei from MRI brain image is an essential preprocessing step towards a better segmentation in neuroimaging studies. Segmentation of brain tissues from brain nuclei in MR image is an important problem in biomedicine that involves a number of applications such as diagnosis, surgical planning, and brain disease studies like Alzheimer, schizophrenia. In the proposed method for brain nuclei segmentation, the brain surface is seen as a smooth manifold with relatively low curvature that separates brain from non-brain regions. Also, the brain cortex is seen as a distinct dark ring surrounding the brain tissues in the MR images. The proposed method is based on thresholds and morphological operators. The proposed method was tested on real MRI data obtained from Internet Brain Segmentation Repository (IBSR) and diagnostic centres. For validation, the proposed segmentation result is compared with standard skull stripping methods: Brain Extraction Tool (BET), Brain Surface Extractor (BSE). Performance was measured using the Jaccard Similarity Index (JSI) and Dice Similarity Score (DSS). The proposed method showed the best performance: JSI = 0.98, DSS = 0.979, Sensitivity = 0.979 and Specificity = 0.978 on brain web and   JCC = 0.977, DSS = 0.966, Sensitivity = 0.98 and Specificity = 0.979 on diagnostic centre images.

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A new trimmed median-mean based filter for the removal of high density fixed value noise in medical images and videos

Anew trimmed median-mean based filter for the removal of high density fixed value impulse noise is proposed. A fixed 3x3 window is kept constant for the increasing noise densities. The pixel is termed as noisy, if the processed pixel is between the outliers. The corrupted pixel is replaced by unsymmetrical trimmed mean or median or midpoint or mean of the current processing window based on the content of the current processing window. The proposed algorithm (PA) is employed on different varying detail images. The proposed algorithm is compared with the standard and existing algorithms and found to exhibit good noise suppression capability. The algorithm also shows a good qualitative and quantitative result for increasing noise densities. The proposed algorithm removes salt and pepper noise at high noise densities by preserving fine details of an image.

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The paper aims to provide an idea of the genetic algorithm parameters and its importance in the evolution of circuits through embedded evolvable hardware. Evolvable Hardware is an integration of evolutionary algorithms with programmable devices. A Genetic Algorithm fused into the soft processor of a Field Programmable Gate Array is termed, Evolvable Embedded Hardware. The system has the ability to converge to a solution faster due to the evaluation in a single device, when compared to the conventional evolvable hardware structure. An insight into the genetic algorithm and optimization of genetic parameters for design of combinational circuits is discussed. An experimental model for a 2 bit adder for different genetic parameters is validated to demonstrate the systematic evolution of evolvable embedded system hardware. This experimental setup is carried out on Virtex 6 (XC6VLX240T-1FFG1156) ML605 Evaluation Kit FPGA using the Xilinx Platform Studio 14.6 tools.

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In this paper identifies a feature space to address the problem of human face recognition from the database images. The face recognition system is based on Principal Component Analysis. By using PCA the features can be extracted. The multi resolution curvelet transform can be used for the efficient face image retrieval. When compared to wavelet transform the curve let transform has better directional and edge representation. The face images can be decomposed when applying the curvelet transform and the curvelet sub bands can be form. In addition the PCA can be used for dimensionality reduction. Then the PCA can be applying for each curvelet sub bands and create feature set. The mahalanobis distance measure can be used to measure the distance between the query and the database images. The well-known face database indicates the potential of this curvelet based feature extraction and gives good retrieval result. The experimental results show that our approach is significantly better than the conventional methods.

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In this paper, a set of two-dimensional (2-D) rotated complex wavelet filters (RCWFs) are designed with coefficients complex wavelet filter, which gives texture information strongly oriented in six different directions. The 2-D RCWFs are non-separable and improves characterization of oriented textures. Most of the texture image retrieval systems are struggle providing retrieval result with high retrieval accuracy and less computational complexity of retrieval. To address this problem, we propose a approach for texture image retrieval by using a set of dual-tree rotated complex wavelet filter (DT-RCWF) and dual-tree-complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) jointly by using Haralick Texture Features are obtains in 12 different directions. In decomposed image the features are obtained on each subband. Our proposed method results improves retrieval rate(85%)  when comparing with other existing methods and traditional discrete wavelet transform based approaches.

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Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a reconfigurable network of mobile nodes connected by multi-hop wireless links and capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure support. In order to facilitate communication within such self-creating, self-organizing and self-administrating network, a dynamic routing protocol is needed. The routing protocol performance suffers due to resource constraints and mobility of the nodes. The existing routing challenges in MANETs clustering based protocols suffer frequently with cluster head failure problem, which reduces the cluster stability. This paper proposes, Improved CBRP, a method to develop the cluster stability and in-turn enhances the performance of traditional cluster based routing protocol (CBRP), by electing better cluster head using weighted clustering algorithm and considering some vital routing challenges. Also, proposed protocol suggests a backup cluster head for each cluster, to increase the stability of the cluster in case of unexpected failure of cluster head.

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Thispaper proposes the best relay selection method for detect and forward relaying cooperative wireless network. A two hop relay scheme is analyzed, which consists ofthe source node (SN), destination node (DN) and distributed relay node (RN). Spatial modulation (SM) is introduced in this paper which can provide antenna diversity gain and to achieve the bit error rate (BER) and higher data rate. More specifically SM divides the input bit stream into antenna index bit and amplitude-phase index bit whichcan provides low complexity and to achieve high data rate. This scheme select the most appropriate number of bits to re-modulate from the relay node and reduces the modulation order.  Different modulation techniqueshave been analyzedto find the best diversity gain in the cooperative wireless communication system. Cooperative communication help to achieve the transmitter diversity forthe system by providesvirtual antenna path between transmitter and receiver. Power consumption is one of the main concerns in modern communication, so the best relay selection algorithm is proposed which can select suitable number of relays and to attain energy efficient communication.

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In this paper, we present a novel restructured coefficient ordering based 16 point pipelined FFT processor. The projected novel FFT has been designed with the use of fixed radix-4 and single path pipelined architecture. Higher throughput rate is gained from this pipelined architecture when compared to ordinary pipelined architecture. The power consumption issue is fixed by reducing the switching activity with the use of least transition in Hamming distance. Through this, the switching activity of twiddle computation is reduced from 192 to 78 which is consisting 59% of reduction. Introduced multiplier less architecture cuts down the number of computations to realize complex multiplication. The 16-point FFT implementation is done with Verilog HDL and synthesized using 0.18um Cadence RTL compiler. The power evaluation of FFT has been obtained from the circuit net list using a clock frequency of 100MHz.

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Feature Selection is an optimization technique used in Iris recognition technology. For producing the most accurate recognition of iris from the database, feature selection removes the unrelated, noisy and unwanted data. Parallel Cat Swarm Optimization Algorithm is one of the latest optimization algorithms in the nature league based algorithm. Its enhancement results are better than the PSO and CSO optimization algorithms. The proposal of applying the Parallel Cat Swarm algorithm is mainly used for feature selection in the process of Iris recognition. For human identification iris can be used as it is an integral part of the human body. Biometric iris recognition system compares the two iris images and produces a matching score to determine their degree of equality or inequality.  Eyelid and eyelash are considered to be the unwanted parts of the eye apart from iris. By using Structure Tensor Analysis we can mask the unwanted parts of iris by taking the iris as region of interest. By using Independent Component Analysis, we can extract the texture feature in the iris from the eye. The best features are then selected using Parallel Cat Swarm algorithm from the extracted texture features. For identification purpose we need to compare the best feature with a number of features of various individuals in the database.

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Protein Folding is a broad research field in computational Biology, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics. Protein Folding Optimization is one of the NP-hard problems. Bio-inspired metaheuristics plays a major role in solving the protein folding optimization which can mimic the insect’s problem solving abilities like foraging, nest building and mating. In this paper Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) - Metaheuristic was applied to solve 3D-HP protein folding optimization. The 3D structure of a protein is also called as final native structure, which is responsible for functioning of a particular protein. Misfolded or unfolded protein is responsible for several neurodegenerative diseases. The instances for 3D-HP protein folding were taken from the HP benchmarks. The energy minimization is the major objective function to obtain the best 3D structure of protein. Various energy functions are used in this work to obtain different energy values.

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This paper presents a low cost and flexible home control and real-time home monitoring system using FRIENDLY ARM processor that can be programmed and controlled remotely with IP connectivity for accessing and controlling devices and appliances remotely using any device with internet connectivity. The proposed system does not require a dedicated server PC with respect to similar systems and offers a novel communication protocol to monitor and control the home environment in real-time with more than just the switching functionality. Any device that has access to internet can be used to control the system. A HTML page is dedicatedly designed for this purpose where in we can both control as well as monitor the system. To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this system, devices such as light switches, power plug, temperature sensor and current sensor have been integrated with the proposed home control system. Scalability is one major advantage of this system wherein we can just add multiple devices to the automation circle without much complexity of hardware and software. Also both I2C and SPI protocols have been analyzed and implemented in this system to check for better efficient working of the system.

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Data embedding and recovery in video watermarking, without loss of quality is a challenging one. A new method for video watermarking is presented in this paper. In the proposed method, we use undecimated wavelet transform. The location for data embedding in the LL subband of wavelet coefficients are selected adaptively based on the energy of high frequency subbands. The decoding is performed based on the comparison among the elements of the first principal component resulting from empirical principal component analysis (PCA). Testing and analysis were done by subjecting the watermarked video to various attacks like cropping, filtering and rotation. The results show that the proposed method offers improved performance compared with several conventional methods. Thus this adaptivestationary based data insertion is much suitable for various security multimedia based applications.

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In this paper, we propose an efficient adaptive FIR filter architecture using a single multiplier and adder irrespective of number taps using the concept of time sharing multiplier architecture.  For efficient optimization of multiplier architectures, Output Product Coding and parallel pipelined multiplier are applied. The proposed Adaptive FIR filter architecture is implemented for 32-tap using Verilog and synthesized using XILINX VIRTEX-5 FPGA device.  The results are validated using FPGA in Loop (FIL), where simulation is done using MATLAB/Simulink-xPC target tool box. This design provides substantial area reduction compared to the conventional Adaptive FIR filter architectures for the FPGA implementation.The proposed Adaptive FIR filter supports up to 323 MHz input sampling frequency for FPGA implementation.

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Power dissipation in a chip mostly depends only on switching activity in a chip (high to low vice versa).Various gating and Encoding schemes are introduced to reduce the unnecessary switching activity of a chip during serial data transmission in a network.  But the Encoding methods results in increased bit size and reduces only 15% of the power dissipation (loss). This paper proposed to reduce the switching transitions in a wider Bus, Embedded Shift Invert Coding technique is designed and simulated and its performance is compared with the existing Bus Encoding Techniques.The proposed Embedded Shift Invert Coding technique is first designed and simulated by partitioning the Bus data into two equal width data partitions and applying conventional Shift Invert Coding technique to each of the data partitions. The analysis and simulation results indicate that the Proposed Coding scheme produces a low bit transition for different kinds of data patterns (INV, Left Shift, Right Shift and Normal).

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In MANETs, the route discovery using AOMDV involves broadcast of request message to all neighbor however it lead to unnecessary overhead of route discovery. In our proposed scheme as an alternative of broadcast we use multicast request message forwarded to few neighbor nodes known as dominant set (DS). Selection of these nodes is based on node energy level analysis, channel state information and traffic analysis. Moreover minimum connecting dominant set (MCDS) is formed by selecting neighbor nodes in similar manner for all nodes present in dominant set.   This process is repeated until the destination node is reached. Route discovery process involves only the nodes present in connecting dominant set (CD) and MCDS thereby less traffic. State information about the multiple route paths is also maintained based on the QoS parameter. In order to overcome the frequent link failure, the route path is switched prior to route breakage based on the QoS parameters.

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Machine learning is a part of artificial intelligence where in a system is made to learn from the data which can be used to make real world simulations, predictions, pattern matches and classifications of the data given. Amongst the various approaches in machine learning under the sub-field in data classification, the use of neural networks have been found to be useful alternatives to the other statistical methods. Artificial neural networks are mathematical models, which are inspired by a biological neural network process – the biological neuron, and are used for the modeling of various complex relationships of inputs and outputs and also to find and match patterns of any given data. Here, the objective is to make understand the machine learning process by using neural networks. By the end of this paper, there will be various comparisons of different machine learning strategies, which are currently used to increase the accuracy of predictions. From a trained neural network to a satisfactory level, we can classify any kind of generalized input data, process as often termed as the generalization capability of the learning system.

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The key of network begins after the need for sharing files.  Sharing in local networks was later extended as Internet. In recent years, number of Internet users increased rapidly. As this count increases, the network traffic also becomes serious and a need arises to create new network topologies and to calculate corresponding reliability.  The aim of this paper is to study and compare the reliability of open ended networks using Wiener index. The calculation of the overall reliability of the networks becomes an important problem. This paper presents the Topology invariant which calculates the reliability of the newly constructed open ended networks by introducing new nodes. The simulated experimentation of the proposed Topology invariant for the new open ended networks have been done and compared with existing open ended networks.

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The connecting rod is the mediating member between the piston and the Crankshaft. Its main function is to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crank. This paper describes about a real time problem of using Cast Iron connecting rod in Hero Honda Splendor + motorbike it’s modelling and analysis and optimization of connecting rod. Here, the connecting rod is replaced by various materials like stainless steel, aluminium, C70 steel and also a design change by inducing truss member is suggested. The connecting rod is modelled using CATIA software for both existing solid and modified truss designs. Boundary conditions are applied to the models after finishing the pre – processing work in ANSYS 14.0 software. The best combination of parameters like Von misses stress and strain, Deformation, Factor of safety; fatigue and life cycle calculation, bi-axiality indication for two wheeler pistons were done in ANSYS 14.0 software. This project also tends to optimize the design by calculating weight and stiffness for various materialistic designs by using the output values of mass and volume of the connecting rod which will also be obtained from the software. This paper will conclude whether the modified design is safe along above selected materials. And will be presenting the best design for future reference.

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The demand for passenger comfort in automobile industry is increasing more and more. Noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) is one of the most important vehicle attribute reflecting the quality perception of a vehicle. Gear rattle is main issue to be solved related to power train noise. This work aims to investigate gear rattle phenomenon for front wheel drive (FWD) for a passenger car application, with modification in clutch. The work attempts to predict resonance frequencies of driveline which is linked to gear rattle by linear modal analysis. Vehicle measurement will be made to check the gear rattle amplitude levels. The vehicle measurement resonance frequencies to be correlated with the simulated modal analysis. The influence of clutch in comparison with Dual mass flywheel (DMF) for gear rattles was simulated in terms of gearbox resonance frequency will be validated by test measurement.

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This paper describes to develop an intelligent wheelchair which is useful to physically disabled people with introducing control and navigational intelligence. Some people with severely handicapped people that affect hand movements, motor is not possible to drive a common electric wheelchair. In Powered wheelchair is not able to drive correctly with the joystick. It proposed the design of Intelligent Wheelchair using solid works and implementing the robot controller program such as ATMEGA 328 microcontroller. Using this microcontroller, the set of sensors such as Infra-red sensors and Ultrasonic sensors .The aim of this paper is to implement the intelligent wheelchair to introduce navigational intelligence.

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High Carbon High Chromium Steel is the most popular material in forming and blanking tool and die for the mechanical, automobile and structural engineering industry. It posses excellent hardenability, wear resistance and hot hardness to withstand the cyclic and compressive stress imposed on the punch and die during sheet metal operations. The form stability of tool material determines the quality of the blanked or punched component. In the present work, to study the machining characteristics of high carbon-high chromium steel, a wire electro discharge machining process was applied, since the green material was hardened and tempered to 62 H.R.C. Design of experiment with 4 levels on 16 orthogonal experiments were conducted on sprint cut WEDM machine. The input parameters selected being pulse-on time, pulse-delay time, wire tension and EPA. The output response observed is material removal rate and surface finish. The results were subjected to Taguchi optimization analysis. It was found EPA is most important for material removal rate but ranks the least for surface finish, with pulse on time ranking first and pulse off time second. The analysis of variance results indicates pulse on time and EPA is the most significant parameter for finish and the material removal rate respectively. Optimization trials indicate, the careful selection of parameter and its range, can be improve the finish by 8.69% and material removal rate by 10.71%.

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In this paper the effect of the mechanical/thermo mechanical processing on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of low carbon steels, viz, Cold Reduced low carbon Steel (CRS) and Themo Mechanically Treated (TMT) steel are discussed. These steels are widely used in automobile, railways, naval architecture, petroleum industry, etc, applications with exposure to extreme temperature conditions and subjected to stress and exposed to corrosive environment. The most commonly used type of steel are low carbon steel, High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA), Cold Rolled Steel and Hot Rolled steel (HRS). The mechanical properties like ductility, strength and metallurgical properties like microstructure, grain size, etc, influence the properties of the rolled steels. In this paper an effort is made to study the research reported in literature, on the innovations in processing of low carbon steel through grain refinement and heat treatment to produce steel possessing good mechanical and metallurgical properties.

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Thermal energy storage using a phase change materials is an important concept for storing energy during the sunshine hour and using the same energy during off sunshine hour. The latent thermal energy storage employing a Phase Change Material (PCM) is the most effective way of the thermal energy storage due to its advantages of high energy storage density and its isothermal operating characteristics during solidification and melting processes. The main objective of this work is to synthesize thermal energy storage and to evaluate thermal performance of encapsulated D-Sorbitol as PCM with various encapsulation materials (Aluminium, Brass and Copper). The solar energy collected by the Parabolic Trough Collector is used to heat the Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF). When HTF attains the equilibrium temperature at all points then the experimentation has been carried out in the thermal energy storage system with various encapsulation materials like Aluminium, Brass and Copper. The time taken for the preset temperature change in PCM and HTF was recorded during charging and discharging process. The results are showed that the time taken for phase change process in copper encapsulated balls is much faster than aluminium and brass. The average heat transfer rate in HTF during charging process by the use of copper encapsulated balls is 76.025 kW which is 33% and 8.8% higher than brass and aluminium respectively. Comparing all the results and cost per kW of energy transfer in all encapsulated materials, brass encapsulated PCM balls seems to be a good option for thermal energy storage by using D-Sorbitol as PCM.

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Gears are machine elements used to transmit motion and power between rotating shafts by means of progressive engagements of projections. Gears have wide variety of applications. Their application varies from watches to very large mechanical units like the lifting devices and automotives. Engineering components made of composite materials find increasing applications ranging from space craft to small instruments. Overwhelming advantages such as light weight, higher dimensional stability and minimal attack by environment when compared with other ordinary mild steel gears. Modern level advanced polymer composite materials have opened a new level of soundless, lubricant free, high resilience and precision gearing in power and motion transmission. A proper understanding and prediction of gear failure is an important pre-requisite for any reliable application. In this project, a spur gear is designed using advanced modeling software (pro-engineer) and is meshed and analyzed using analysis software Abaqus 6.10 by the application of torque load. Two types of analysis are carried out using the software namely the static stress analysis and modal analysis. In static stress analysis tooth contact of a pair of spur gear system is analyzed as a body contact in three dimensional co-ordinates. The analysis consists of one loading condition to apply torque load on driving gear by constraining all degrees of freedom of driven gear. The hexagonal element model is meshed with in such a way that the elements around the gear teeth are fine and coarse at other places. The three dimensional elemental stresses and displacement magnitude are found out. Using modal analysis, the natural mode shapes and frequencies of composite gears is determined under free vibration. The interpretation of Eigen values which come from solving the system are that they represent the frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. The analysis is thus carried out making a comparison for a mild steel spur gear and carbon fibre / epoxy resin composite spur gear. The results in the variation of three dimensional stresses, displacement, frequencies and Eigen values are plotted and viability to manufacture such gears is predicted.

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Build time is a vital factor of layered manufacturing as it affects cost of the prototype. Reducing the manufacturing time of the products is an endless process, without compromising the quality of the model. Various approaches have been employed for reducing build time in different RP methodologies. Reduction of build time is a complicated task as one has to cope-up a contradicting objective like part surface finish. This paper describes the various attempts made to reduce the build time.

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Shortest path problem is a classical and the most widely studied phenomenon in combinatorial optimization. In a classical shortest path problem, the distance of the arcs between different nodes of a network is assumed to be certain. In some uncertain situations, the distance will be calculated as a fuzzy number depending on the number of parameters considered. This article proposes a new approach based on Haar ranking of fuzzy numbers to find the shortest path between nodes of a given network. The combination of Haar ranking and the well knownDijkstra’s algorithm for finding the shortest path have been used to identify the shortest path between given nodes of a network.  The numerical examples ensure the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.

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Classification refers to assigning a physical object into one of the predefined categories. In texture classification, the goal is to assign an unknown sample image to one of a set of known classes. Texture classification is one of the challenging problems in image processing and computer vision. A major problem in textures in real world is often not uniform, due to changes in orientation, scale or other visual appearance. In addition, the degree of computational complexity of many of the proposed texture measures is very high. Important application of the texture classification include industrial and biomedical surface inspection, for example defects and disease, ground classification and segmentation of satellite or aerial imagery, segmentation of textured region in document analysis, and content based access to image databases. In this project an efficient method of texture classification using multi resolution transforms (Non Sub sampled Contourlet Transform) is proposed, which considers the features of texture images. Non Subsampled Contour let Transform has been widely recognized as a very useful tool in texture analysis, due to its optimal localization properties in both directional and frequency domain. The features (mean, standard deviation) are extracted from Non sub sampled Contourlet transform sub bands. The experimental result 85.79% achieved the classification rate of the proposed texture classification systems.

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