The influence of nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) nanoparticles on sensitivity of insulin sensor was investigated. Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles that have an average diameters of 60 nm was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Insulin sensor was fabricated from silica gel/chitosan (SiO2/Chit) electrode that was modified with Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles. A mixture of silica gel and chitosan in weight ratio of 4 : 6 was prepared. This mixture was heated at 65 oC and stirred, then Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles solution (2 mL/100 mg of the mixture) and paraffin (15 % from the mixture weight) were added. The mixture was stirred continuously until the mixture becomes solid (paste). The paste was inserted in the bottom of glass tube and connected to Ag wire from the other side of the glass tube. The surface of the electrode was polished by abrasion paper grade 2000. The response of SiO2/Chit modified by Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles (SiO2/Chit/Ni(OH)2nps) electrode to insulin concentration was observed. The addition of 2 mL Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles could increase the sensitivity of the insulin sensor as much as sixfold compared to the electrode that was not modified by Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles. A linear graph was obtained when anodic (ipa) and cathodic (ipc) current were plotted at varied scan rate.

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A technique of computer grains segmentation on uranium dioxide thin section images is described. An algorithm of image preprocessing is developed, allowing to achieve more accurate results in grains boundary detection when using the watersheds marker method. The usage of grey-level morphological operations instead of binary results in information losses reduction on image processing. The developed algorithm can be used for quality control processes automation in metallurgy industrial organizations.

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This paper proposes an approach to the design of dispatching control system of the mobile concrete plant, which is a set of hardware maintenance, information, mathematical and software for control of technological objects. The proposed system is scalable and can include a control subsystem of mobile concrete plant, laboratory, subsystems, access control, and personnel management jobs. The system provides optimum automating the collection and processing of information for generating control signals and transmitting them without loss and distortion to the actuators in order to achieve the most efficient operation of process control object as a whole.

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This paper aims at providing a brief experimental study on the behaviour of uniaxially loaded reinforced concrete slender column with different percentage of longitudinal reinforcement ratio with uniaxial loading. Totally six column specimens were cast with dimensions 2500mm X 200mm X 200mm for testing of uniaxial loaded column with different eccentricity like 200mm and 400mm.For the conduction of the test an unique self-straining loading frame with a range of capacity to apply axial to biaxial loads has been conceived, fabricated and erected indigenously. In this paper, the experimental results are presented, and the global behaviour of tested columns is discussed, particularly focusing on the deflection, stiffness and ultimate loads because of the increasing the eccentricity The results shows by increasing the axial load capacity is reduced, than stiffness is gradually decreasing 1/3 of axial load and ultimate load is decreased from central axial load for eccentricity 200mm and 400mm.

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Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) play the vital role in communication. It makes one to get the complete utilization of ubiquitous computing. That is data can be accessed from anywhere at any time using any devices. As the facility by using the MANETs are increased, the complications and issues are also increased. The main support to be strengthened is security. A variety of attacks exist in MANETs. The major attack which affects any communication is the Session hijacking attack. It is a multilayer attack. But, it generally affects the transport layer exploiting transmission Control protocol (TCP). It takes away the session between the source and destination. It affects the confidentiality and the Quality Of service (QOS). The attack has several variants like Active attacks, Passive attacks and Hybrid attacks. An analysis is performed to handle these attacks. Since the MANET communications are multimedia oriented, the multimedia messages are considered for transmission and study. The QoS analyses reveal that the TLD Method performs well and minimizes the effect of the attack.

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East Indonesia is classified as underdeveloped regions, especially in rural areas. Still found many unhealthy homes with limited available water anyway. Both of these problems resulted in a low quality of life. Encouraged by this challenge, and then developed a system-trap-rainwater engineering to provide water availability and lock-brick technology for a healthy home. The principle of system-trap-rainwater engineering are set the rainfall water on household yard remained in the yard by install the system to trap rainwater, keep and manage to meet the water need for life. This system consists of wells-trap-rainwater and drain-trap-rainfall-water, which interconnected as a network inflow to wells-trap-rainwater. The availability of adequate water can be used to develop agricultural-yard system to improve food security. The lock-brick technology is to build itself a healthy home at low cost. Dugouts when creating wells, utilized as a base material for making lock-brick. After a sufficient amount of lock-brick to build a house, and then compiled interlocking brick as new healthy house. It could be conclude that both system-trap-rainwater engineering and lock-brick technology could improve the quality of life.

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In recent years, green factors which are concentrated on environment awareness and sustainable development of enterprises have been being become vital criteria's of selecting a supplier. This paper reviews the literature of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) applications in green supplier selection by analysing 36 related papers which were published in the high prestige journals from 2002 to 2014. Those papers are compiled and categorized according to business areas; namely, energies, materials, consumer discretionary, consumer staples, and so forth. The aims of this investigation are to focus on the facilitation of AHP/ANP in terms of green supplier selection process and its application in business fields as well as the successful factors of its implementation. In addition, the review is implemented to facilitate researchers and practitioners in embracing the analytic approach applications in green supplier selection.

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Glaucoma is a disease affected by an eye which results normally and impaired by the normal optic nerve. It is caused by increase in the pressure which utilize across the outer coats of the eye ball. Glaucoma primarily causes a retinal vessel occlusion and then it alters the optic disc by getting higher the cup size. The blindness will lead to causes and it will detect some problems and treated in a convinced time period. In this proposed method, by using retinal fundus image the green channel is used to extract the optic cup and the optic disk. Circular Hough transformation is used for the feature extraction which is used to detect the circles in imperfect images in this method. Different methods can be used in this proposed method such as preprocessing, thresholding and histogram equalization which is used for the automated detection of blood vessel. The extracted features can be used to find the cup to disk ratio (CDR), if the CDR value is more than 0.3 it indicates the severe stage of glaucoma can be detected in the patients and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) algorithm can be used to separate the normal eye and glaucoma eye from the retinal fundus image and neural network classifier.

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The purpose and objectives of this work is to study circuits of analog and digital-to-analog tunable integrators, especially their construction and operation, the definition of the uniqueness of each scheme, both in circuit engineering execution, and by the process of restructuring, analysis. To solve the problem the analysis of domestic and foreign works, given the scheme of analog and digital-to-analog tunable integrators work has a review character. In a comparative analysis, in the article it revealed that, depending on the particular problem to be solved and the manufacturing process, any of the circuitry solutions integrators may be more effective than others.

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Near Field Communication (NFC) is a rising short-range remote correspondence innovation that offers extraordinary and shifted guarantee in administrations, for example, payment, ticketing, voting and so forth. NFC innovation works for information exchange and empowers the mix of administrations from an extensive variety of utilizations into one single cell phone. The monstrous advantage of the short transmission reach is that it forestalls listening stealthily on NFC-empowered dealings. A few security issues are joined with NFC, which is a major concern. This innovation shows alias ensures protection of clients. It gives contingent security in which personality of clients can be checked by third trusted party (TTP). Issues like MIMT, replay attack, modification attack, session key security convention could settle in proposed with a minimal computational expense increment.

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This research work has been carried out to investigate the performances of proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers tuned with Cohen-Coon, Tyreus-Luyben and Ziegler-Nichols techniques on a reactive distillation process used for the production of a fuel additive. The fuel additive considered was isopropyl alcohol that was obtained from the top section of a prototype reactive distillation column plant developed with the aid of Aspen HYSYS. The model used for the process control was estimated using the data generated from Parametric Utility of the Aspen HYSYS prototype plant and pem command of System Identification Toolbox of MATLAB. Furthermore, the open-loop and the closed-loop Simulink models of the system were developed and simulated appropriately. The results obtained from the open-loop simulations carried out revealed that the system was a stable one because it was able toattain steady-states within the simulation times considered. Also observed from the closed-loop simulations was that the best tuning method for both PI and PID controllers in suppressing large and small errors was Tyreus-Luyben technique. However, in suppressing any error persisting for a long period of time, Ziegler-Nichols method was found to be the best for PI controller while for PID controller, it was Cohen-Coon tuning technique. Further comparing the performance values of the controllers, it was discovered that the PID controllers tuned with the different techniques were better than the PI controllers because the corresponding integral of square error (ISE), integral of the absolute value of the error (IAE) and integral of the time-weighted absolute error (ITAE) values of the PID controllers were found to be less than those of the PI controllers considered for the process.

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In Mobile ad hoc network stability of the path while discovering the route is an important factor to be considered for the data transmission from source to destination. The present requirement is to maintain the QoS and stable route. The main drawback of MANET is instability due to random mobility of nodes. In order to address this problem a route discovery protocol is proposed considering both relative connectivity and link stability. During the route discovery process, the node which has got maximum number inter connectivity among other nodes is selected. Along with relative connectivity, the stability of the route is achieved based on the signal strength of each node. The proposed system is simulated and compared with AODV and PLSRP (the previous work of authors). The results reveal that the proposed protocol improves the performance when compared to existing systems.

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The article deals with mathematical model of forecasting of towing indicators of tractors with 4K4 wheel formula which take into account geometric parameters of tractor’s driving wheel tire, physical and mechanical attributes of soil, and constructive peculiarities of AWD tractor. The offered mathematical model allows automat zing calculation of forecasting evaluations for towing and energy indicators of tractor in machine-tractor aggregates.

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Remote sensing data recorded from passive satellite system tend to be degraded by attenuation of solar radiation due to haze. Haze is capable of modifying the spectral and statistical properties of remote sensing data and consequently causes problem in data analysis and interpretation. Haze need to be removed or reduced in order to restore the quality of the data. In this study, initially, haze radiances due to radiation attenuation are removed by making use of pseudo invariant features (PIFs) selected among reflective objects within the study area. Spatial filters are subsequently used to remove the remaining noise causes by haze variability. The performance of hazy data restoration technique was evaluated by means of Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification. It is revealed that, the technique is able to improve the classification accuracy to the acceptable levels for data with moderate visibilities. Nevertheless, the technique is unable to do so for data with very low visibilities.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the flexure capacity and ductility of the castella beam due to cyclic load. This research was carried out through testing castella beams in the form of a portal with cyclic loading. Solid beams steel used is profiles IWF 200 100 5.5 8 fabricated became castella beam. Test beam consists of a solid beam (NB) as a comparison and castella beams (CB). The test results show increase 1.6 H of the high of CB beam, will affect to increase of the section modulus (Sx) and moment of inertia (Ix) respectively by 76.41% and 173.43% compared to NB beam. This increase is affect the increased flexure capacity castela beam of 82.5% compared to the beam NB Besides that, increases in the beam high will increase the slenderness cross section (H/B) and lower radius of inertia (ry) on the y-axis. This causes the transverse displacement of the CB beam is greater than NB beam. This condition causes the beam CB is less deformed in the vertical direction. This is shown by the ductility of the CB beam decreased by 46, 92 % compared to NB beams. Resistance is proportional to ductility, if the increased load will be followed by an increase in ductility. This relationship is shown by both of the beam test.

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QCA technology as an alternative to CMOS technology on the nanoscale has a hopeful future; QCA is an interesting tools for produce memory. This paper presents a novel design for quantum cells based memory design for low power system on chip. However the memory modules are partitioned into 32bit depth and 16bit width, every cell consumes power even at idle mode. Here a new technique called multiplexed power technique to scan currently activated cell and gating should applied to idle mode. This approach will reduces overall power dissipation when compared to existing scheme.

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With the technology comes the threats and the natural disasters like bomb blasts, landslides, forest fires, floods, earth quakes, children falling into the pit holes/bowels, it is a risk and responsibility help rescuing people in this type of scenarios at the same time it is difficult figuring out the are the risks taken to rescue people are worth in other words do they give positive results. We are proposing algorithm idea to avoid that ambiguity and go ahead rescuing people in a better way. In our algorithm we are making use of wireless technology concepts in specific sensor networks where we are using specialized sensors to conclude a particular body is human body and is it dead or alive based on which we can assist rescue team to act accordingly at appropriate location with the help of GPS. The sensor networks are deployed at the disaster area and sensors are operated to figure out the required responses.

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Hastobot was a robotic arm developed by Electrical Engineering Study Program Sanata Dharma University to assist under graduate students in studying robotic. Students experienced difficulties mainly on the mechanism and kinematics robot arm. This paper will discuss about analysis kinematics graphically of Hastobot Robotic arm. Software used for 2D analysis was AutoCAD and Sketch Up for 3D visualization. Hastobot Robot arm consists of a base, shoulder, elbow, and a gripper. Length of arm approximately 14 cm and 15 cm forearm. Robot arm can reach 30cm. From the graphical analysis of the movement of the robot arm can be known and the robot arm working area.

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Rainfall is the type natural process varies from place to place due to convective precipitation. In this study, rainfall data for the years 2001 to 2012 have been analyzed in terms of temporal and spatial characteristics in order to identify the change of rainfall trend and spatial distribution of annual rainfall over Sylhet region with a view to understand the pattern of rainfall trend (magnitude), by applying various numerical tools on the data obtained from 8 different climate stations. Map of rainfall trends was created by applying a geo-statistical interpolation technique to visualize the detected tendencies. The findings revealed that a significant positive increase of 2.16mm in rainfall was recorded in the entire Sylhet district within the period of 2001 to 2012. However, majority of the station revealed an upward trend, with Sulaghar, Lalakhal, Gobindogonj, Chattak, Sherupur, Sheola, Zakigonj, and Kanaighat stations showing significant trends of -103 mm, -17.8 mm,-38.61 mm and 152.381 mm, 4.625 mm, of -103 mm,-60.1429 mm,-15.6333 mm, and 11.51667 mm correspondingly. From this analysis high variability in rainfall in Sylhet region signifies an obvious indication of climate change.

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Wireless Sensor Networks are proposed to improve vehicle safety to avoid collisions in congested junctions and to enhance the capability of warning systems in the event of an emergency. The critical challenge in sensor networks is the extended temporal operation of the individual sensor node using a typically limited battery power supply. The sensor node consumes power due to sensing, signal processing, embedded computing and connectivity. In this paper the spatial arrangement of the sensor nodes in a typical traffic junction will be determined. The emplacement of sensor nodes will be designed with the constraints of energy minimization and coverage area maximization. The sensor node placement techniques in WSN have been analyzed and addressed to increase the lifetime, area coverage maximization, indirect cost benefits due to reduced number of deployment of sensors due to optimal placement.

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Palm vein substantiation is solitary of the modernized bio statistical technique, which employs the vein pattern in the human palm to verify the person. The worth palm vein on classical biometric (e.g. fingerprint, iris, face) are a low risk of falsification, complexity of duplicated and stability. The vein pattern is a unique property of each individual in the hand. The whole substantial adjustment of veins, blood vessels and stripes within the human body is considered to be different for each individual. The uniqueness of veins in the hand is sparse. The mechanisms underlying the development of the vascular scheme and the studies on the geographical adjustment of the final vascular network could provide more insight into the feasibility that no vein decoration will be the same between two individuals. It describes the development of a real-time system for the realization of a real human subject using the palm dorsa precipitous vein pattern (PDSVP) as a physical bio statistical feature. In this project, a new approach is proposed for personal verification based on palm vein features. In this method, the palm vein images are enhanced first and then the features are extracted by using neural networks. The feed forward back propagation and SVM algorithms cover image efficiency and accuracy. Palm vein biometric system is relatively new process that is being continuously refined and developed. Palm vein authentication uses the individual decoration of palm veins to substantiate personals for a high level of accuracy. Palm vein authentication has the advantage of the high adaptability and the crucial integrity information is unrevealed. Different skin a layer varies from person to person based on the wavelength of the incident illumination.

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Estimating age of a person from captured image of His/ Her face is a difficult task. In general the exciting technique to this problem is feature vector. Human Computer Interaction (HCI) for designing automatic age estimation systems via facial dynamics. The success of such research may bring in many innovative HCI tools used for the applications of human-centered multimedia communication. The aging patterns can be effectively extracted from a discriminate subspace-learning algorithm and visualize as distinct manifold structures. The existing method used is Principal component analysis. Artificial neural network is intuitive to apply manifold analysis to age estimation to bring out the advantage of manifold learning, such methods should combined with the appropriate regression models for a new testing image, fit extract low dimensional feature with the learned regression model to estimate the exact age or an age interval.

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The Linear Scheduling Method (LSM) is the most effective scheduling tool to use in linear projects. Computer programs have been developed for various scheduling techniques such as Bar Chart, PERT and CPM. There are not many commercially available toolkit for LSM and this lack of toolkit is one of the reasons for its limited usage. The product of this research is a toolkit comprised of models, procedures and tools that allow for implementation of the linear scheduling method. This toolkit is able to calculate the controlling activity path of such schedules, to level the resources of a project scheduled and to print reports of the status of the schedule. The paper describes the toolkit that was developed by the research, its documentation and example for an Italian case study that was scheduled using this prototype.

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In today’s society we obtain a great deal of information and entertainment using computers and internet. But visually impaired people struggle much more to access comparable information in their day to day life. In the Early days NGO’s provided Braille books and audio books for their educational. The audio book converts the text in to audio form which was helpful for blind people. But visually impaired people faced a problem for getting a book which they want. In this paper Raspberry pi is proposed to retrieve the information. The server contains all the information in the database and through pub nub the data will be transmitted from the server. Then the information will be stored in the SD card of the raspberry pi. Through microphone visually impaired people send the query as a voice. Using voice recognizers the voice will be recognize and a search for the relevant information will be done to retrieve the data. The retrieved data will send to the blind person as audio form through speaker. Through this process the visually impaired people can study the subjects and enjoy music, drama etc.

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In this paper, a fuzzy network method is proposed for finding the Shortest Path length (SPL) with Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers (TIFN). Furthermore, to find the smallest path of the edge by the intuitionistic fuzzy distance using graded mean integration. We discussed the SPL from a specified vertex to all other edges in a fuzzy network. An illustrative example is given to express our proposed work.

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This article proposes one of the methods for multilevel power inverter implementation with capacity up to 30 kV. This method is based on a special topology for construction of multilevel inverter consisting of H-bridge and level switch. In accordance with the proposed topology ?-bridge inverts voltage and a switch enables to get any number of voltage levels. In addition, the characteristic feature of this inverter is the use of converters as sources where multilevel voltage is generated. This allows reducing a number of accumulator batteries being used, decrease the dependence of the form of the inverter output voltage from the accumulators charging rate, as well as the dimensions of the whole unit. 17-level inverter has been developed following the proposed topology and methodology. The article highlights the results of simulation in MATLAB and an experimental inverter unit.

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Blood cell detection and counting is the initial process for detecting and diagnosing diseases. Several image processing algorithms are there for the blood cell classification and counting. The processed image helps to detect different blood related diseases. In all those algorithms several pre-processing steps are there for the process of detection and counting. Though all the algorithms give accurate results, the pre-processing steps are complex and time-consuming. This paper discusses about the RBC and WBC detection using fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic toolbox software in MATLAB is used to develop the model on virtual platform.

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Brine disposal is one of the main issues addressed lately when speaking about applying desalination process. This paper presents a statistical technique to estimate evaporation pond recovery factor according to metrological parameters. A multivariate regression model is adopted to predict the effect of the different conditions on the pond recovery ratio. It is a general technique and can be adopted for different design types. A linear multiple regression models with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.91 has been developed whereby five investigated parameters have been related to formulate the model. The model was applied for a brine disposal scheme comprising nanofiltration and reverse osmosis system for producing water and solar pond for integrated salt recovery.

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Cryptography is the intelligence of varying information into distinct unintelligibility in a way allowing a secret method of un-masculine. The fundamental idea of cryptography is the capability to send information between a party to in a way that prevents others from reading it. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been tested to solve many issues. The ANNs have many specialties such as secure, principle, less data specification, fast data processing, ease of performance. A Neural Network is a appliance that is perform to model the way in which the brain performs a work or function of entrust. It has the ability to implement complex ciphering with ease. Visual cryptography finds many functions in cryptographic plot such as key management, message privacy, authorization, verification, identification, and distraction. To implement encrypting, the input to the NN is a fixed of gray like images, and the output is a set of binary images (shares) that fulfills the adorable design. This approach is very much different from the traditional one, and can be enforced to confront with very complex access schemes. Visual cryptography is a secret allocating scheme which uses images allocated as interest such that, when the shares are overlap, a secret image is revealed. In visual cryptography, the share images are constructed to consist of meaningful cover images, thereby keep opportunities for combine visual cryptography and biometric security techniques. In this project we propose neural network based cryptography. First of all we create the neural network based key. This key value is used to calculate the weight for each pixel. This weight is multiplied to the image pixel to form cryptography. Then perform Arnold transform and Random Generator for encryption purpose. Reverse process of encryption original image is retrieved.

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The land mine crisis is all over frightening since there are presently 500 million unexploded, buried mines in about 70 countries. Governments are noticing this situation seriously since land mines are claiming the limbs and lives of civilians’ very day. A multiple of landmine extraction from the data which are obtained from the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Traditional algorithms targets on obtaining a single landmine. The landmine, however, is not buried beneath the ground alone in the real cases; it is entombed with stones or alternative landmines. Therefore, detection of multiple landmines is an important problem. Thus the multiple landmine detection is composed of steps. Here, finds the number of buried landmines. Detection of a landmine in the GPR signal, to extract landmine features by using stacking algorithm and time domain. This shows that the proposed algorithm manifesting the potential of encounter the multiple landmines.

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The problem of land value agreement when the land acquisition for infrastructure development have occurred in Indonesia. This problem can occur in the pre-construction, construction and post-construction phases. The research objective was to identify patterns and changes of the value of land right in the area of infrastructure development and its surroundings. Linear regression and non-linear time series data with lot and block system were used to analyse the value of the land in each zone. The results of this study indicated that the average value of land in the area of infrastructure development (11 LVZ) increased much higher than that of land located in the area surrounding infrastructure development (67 LVZ). It increased sharply from pre-construction, construction to post-construction phases by 22:57%, 39.44%, 29.84% while the land value in the surrounding area of infrastructure development rose 14.83%, 14.83%, 14:46%. It is expected that the results of this study can contribute in determining the pattern of changes in the value of the land in other infrastructure development areas.

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This paper focuses on forecasting electric load consumption using optimized Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy inference System (ANFIS). It employs the use of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to optimize ANFIS, with aim of improving its speed and accuracy. It determines the minimum error from the ANFIS error function and thus propagates it to the premise part. Wavelet transform was used to decompose the input variables using Daubechies 2 (db2). The purpose is to reduce outliers as small as possible in the forecasting data. The data was decomposed in to one approximation coefficients and three details coefficients. The combined Wavelet-PSO-ANFIS model was tested using weather and load data of Nova Scotia province. It was found that the model can perform more than Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimized ANFIS and traditional ANFIS, which is been optimized by Gradient Decent (GD). Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) was used to measure the accuracy of the model. The model gives lower MAPE than the other two models, and is faster in terms of speed of convergence.

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In the present paper cyclicity of sedimentary rocks was discussed on the example of so called cycles by Noinskyi discovered in reference section of the Upper Kazanian sub stage near village Pechishchi (river Volga, near Kazan city, Russia). The analysis is based on layers-thickness distributions and isotope ratios of carbon, oxygen and strontium in carbonate component of section. Cycles by Noinskyi are referred to 1*105 –4*105 years cycles of Earth eccentricity.

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A Medical Information System (MIS) is an emerging patient-driven strategy for medical data platform, which is for the most part circulated to outsource at an outsider, such as cloud suppliers. Be that as it may, there have been a lot of security worries as individual medicinal data should be uncovered to outsider servers and to unapproved parties. To guarantee the patients' entrance to their own Medical Records, it is a most commonplace strategy to scramble the Medical Records before outsourcing. Yet, concerns, dangers of security system, adaptability in key technique, dependable access and productive client renouncement, have dependably been the most imperative objectives toward accomplishing fine grained and cryptographically authorized information access privacy control. This paper, we proposed secured sharing of individual medical reports in cloud computing. Considering reliable cloud servers, to accomplish fine-grained access we perform Attribute Based Encryption (ABE) specifically Rijndael method encrypting the Medical Information System (MIS) data, so that the trustworthy is maintained. We ensure by auditing the process to prove the security. One of a kind from past works in safe keeping information outsourcing, we receive the various information proprietor situation, and split the clients in the Medical Information framework into a few security spaces that extraordinarily diminishes the key system basic for proprietors and clients. A higher positioning of patient trust and security is ensured in the meantime by abusing multi-power ABE. Our plan likewise outlines dynamic adjustment of access benefits or document properties, bolsters proficient on-interest client/characteristic repudiation and break-glass access under crisis situations. Sufficient of exploratory results are spoken to which demonstrate the security, adaptability, reliable and effectiveness of our proposed plan.

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Risk management is thus in direct relation to the successful project completion. Project management literature describes a detailed and widely accepted risk management process, which is constructed basically from four iterative phases: risk identification, risk estimation, risk response planning and execution, often managing the risk management process is included. Construction project planning is an essential element in the management and execution of construction projects which involves the definition of work tasks and their interactions, as well as the assessment of required resources and expected activity durations. The study, therefore, examined the awareness of professionals in construction industry of the various types of planning techniques and tools used on construction sites, Questionnaires were administered on selected building professionals (Project Managers, Engineers, Architects), and Contractors and Sub-contractors directly involved in construction work on sites in planning and the use of planning tools and techniques as major tools for successful project execution. The data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientist for Windows (SPSS), and the results were presented by the use of statistical tools such as frequency tables and pie charts. The study shows that there is low awareness on the functional use of construction planning tools and techniques, and recommended that the use of the construction planning tools and techniques should be applied in all building projects and there should be regular adequate training of professionals on the effectiveness and improvement in Information Technology in the construction industry especially in project planning and execution.

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Wireless sensor network can be used in military application for monitoring militant activities like tracking enemies, force protection and monitoring the vital signs of the soldiers who are in a battlefield. Wireless sensor network has set of distributed sensor nodes which are connected to each other. These sensor nodes are low powered, low cost, small in size with limited amount of battery supply. While designing the wireless sensor network for sensing and data reporting task limiting the utilization of power resources of the sensors is the important concern in order to extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. The nodes which are selected as a mobile sink will quickly consume more battery power and degrade the network lifetime. Sink relocation is the most powerful method to extend the network lifetime without consuming more battery energy. In this paper, a survey of the existing distributed mobile sink routing protocols and the techniques for relocating sink to maximize the network lifetime with respect to the mobile sink routing protocol design requirements and its challenges are explained. With respect to the target applications ways to increase the battery efficiency and selecting the path with low cost by selective routing protocols are also discussed.

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A dispensing system is a system designed to respond to the user’s instruction to dispense the liquid. This paper discusses an automatic dispensing system with a biometric security system such as a finger print analyzer. The finger print analyzer checks the authorization of the person who wishes to access the liquid. As many harmful chemicals are used in industries today, it should be kept protected for safety issues. Auto guided vehicles such as a line follower robot can be used to take the vehicle to the place where the liquid is needed. Now the user gives the amount of liquid needed. This information is given to the micro controller which uses the fuzzy logic algorithm to decide how long the solenoid valve should be open. If the level of water in the tank of the dispenser is more, the pressure of liquid coming through the valve is more and vice versa. Now the database collects all the information as to which user accessed how much amount of liquid at what time. This information is stored in a weekly and daily basis for ease of the viewer in a GUI (Graphical user interface). The administrator of this system can be given the authority to authorize any other persons to access the liquid in the system. These systems can be used in industries were harmful chemicals that cannot be touched by human beings are used.

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An inverted pendulum is a pendulum - a free body hung from a fix point and can swing freely in all directions – that has its center of mass above its pivot point. Unlike regular pendulum which is inherently stable, an inverted pendulum is inherently unstable and must be actively balanced in order to remain upright by applying some force at the pivot point, thus moving the pivot point horizontally as a feedback system. The pivot point is moved using a simple vehicle consisting of two wheels that moves freely in one direction. The feedback control to move the pivot point horizontally is a sensor system consisting of solid state accelerometer and gyroscope. The accelerometer will detect the angle of the inverted pendulum device and the gyroscope will detect the rate of rate of change of angle and therefore measure the angular velocity. The vehicle robot is a two-wheel vehicle which is controlled independently using two independent DC motor. The DC motors are controlled by a microprocessor which controls the speed of the motors using pulse width modulation independently for each motor and the feedback on how to move the robot horizontally is by the accelerometer and gyroscope system which is mounted on the top of the robot. The control system is a PID control which in which the proportional gain, differential factor and the integral factor already predetermined. A second microcontroller will obtain the result from the sensor and put it on a display for monitoring purposes. The robot has been built and programmed and shown to work to balance the robot for certain period of time using accelerometer and gyroscope as the feedback sensors and a set of microcontrollers as the control system to set the robot stay erect.

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Semarang is an administrative city in Central Java province that is inevitably suffer from tidal flooding phenomenon. Tidal flooding is caused by the rising of sea level. Forecasting methods are techniques in Statistical tools for decision making. Therefore, a forecasting of sea level becomes important. One of the method to forecast time series data is ARIMA which require fulfillment of assumptions. One other way to put aside assumptions is by using ARIMAX. Meanwhile, non-linear approach that does not require assumptions fulfillment is ANFIS. The forecasting of sea level using ARIMAX is better than ARIMA and ANFIS. It shows that a certain complex forecasting methods does not guarantee to result the best model. The resulting model is ARIMAX (0, 1, [3]) (1, 0, 0)12 with 7 outliers which produces 4.82 of RMSE.

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This paper proposes to use a magnetic interface to convert the electric charging energy into a magnetic circuit that can couple the energy to the receiving equipment and get re-converted into electric charging current. The Charging head becomes one part of the charger where a high frequency ferrite core is used for creating a high frequency magnetic field in the frequency range 10-30 KHz and power levels of about 500Watts as proof of concept. A power inverter of 500W peak power rating is used to build this high frequency magnetic field creation. The inverter would be built with Power MOSFETs. The charging head, which is in the underwater vehicle, will have to be brought in close proximity to the charging head face without having to establish any electrical links. The charging head and receiving head faces are hermitically sealed for underwater operation. The control system proposed will be able to auto-detect the presence of the charge receiving head and ramp up the charging process to the energy amount needed for a full charge of battery in the underwater vehicle.

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Epiphytes are one kind of plant that has an important role in oil palm plantation ecosystems. Growing on the stem of the tree, epiphytes provide an important source of energy and habitat for many creatures and microorganisms including arthropods. Because of this, the role of epiphytes in increase in the diversity of the canopy insect population in oil palm plantations needs to be calculated. The epiphyte population in oil palm plantations and the contribution it makes to this has yet to be studied extensively and there is no commonly agreed management strategy for epiphyte control. This research was conducted in five oil palm plantations in North Sumatera; Bukit Sentang, Padang Mandarsah, Ajamu, Sijambu-jambu dan Aek Pancur using fifty ha of trees ranging in age from six to fifteen years at each site. To establish the diversity of vascular epiphytes three 20 x20 meter plots were chosen in each location while the diversity of the canopy insects was measured in ten trees from the same sites using squares of cloth to collect the insects after the trees were sprayed with Deltamethrin spray. The epiphyte contribution to canopy insect diversity was investigated by removing all the epiphytes from some trees, cutting off half of them from others and leaving a third group of trees with epiphytes undisturbed. The result of this research shows that the diversity index for vascular epiphytes and canopy insects was in the moderate to low categories. Plantations where the epiphytes were undisturbed had a greater number and diversity of insects than those where the epiphytes had been reduced or eliminated completely.

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In the recent times, increasingly more number of research activities is being conducted about the different methods that humans can communicate with computers. Despite the competence of various users, the normal model of keyboard and mouse may not be suitable to people having disabilities; it may prove a little clumsy as well. One possible way to enable interaction between human beings and computers is by using signals of Electroencephalogram (EEG) that does not demand much regarding physical abilities. When the computer is trained to identify and organize EEG signals, the users can maneuver the machine effectively by just thinking about the actions they want the machine to perform within some defined group of choices. The signals of Electroencephalogram (BCI) are the electrical signals gathered from scalp of humans. They are being used frequently in the interaction between brain and computer. One primary growing research in the field of medical science is diagnosis of brain’s abnormalities. Electroencephalogram (EEG) can be used as a tool in measurement of activities of brain that reveal brain’s conditions. In our proposed system our aim of this study is to classify the EEG signal for identify the difference brain thought or actions. It is proposed to develop an automated system for the classification of brain thoughts by ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory) and RBF (Radial Basis Function) algorithms. Finally we show the difference between the accuracy of two algorithms for identifying the EEG signal.

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A Sign Language( also signs language) is a language which , instant of acoustically conveyed sound pattern , uses visually transmitted sign patterns (manually communication, body language) to convey meaning simultaneously by combining the movement of the hands and hand shape. The arms, body and facial expression are to express a speaker thought. These sign languages are developing for the physically challenged people. Their complex spatial grammars are entirely different from the spoken languages. Thousands of sign languages are in around the world for the use of physically challenged cultures. Some sign languages are in the form of legal recognition while other sign language has no status at all. Sign languages are rich and complex in linguistic terms. Despite the common ones are not “real languages”. Many sign languages are studied by professional acoustics they exhibit the fundamental properties and these properties exist in all languages. This project is mainly designed to convey the message of sign to all. Sensors and actuators are activated according to the information coming from the real world and from a physical model that represents the virtual object. For this the values are transmitted and using the camera the conveyed message is observed and operations are performed according to the sign so as to satisfy the needs of the person.

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Number plate recognition system has the following process such as extraction of plate region, segmentation of characters and number plate characters used to recognize their characters. For extracting the Plate region the ant colony algorithm was performed which detect the edges. The ACO method works on the behavior of ants which provide better result in edge detection. In segmentation part, morphological operation such as filtering, thinning, etc. are performed which convert the number plate, suitable for the character recognition methods. Then character recognition on the number plate was performed using OCR methods (optical character recognition) which convert the structure into character that brings the major result such that the car number was extracted. Based on the extracted numbers the desired operation can be performed.

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The project presents that the Hazy Frames on Video Enhancement based on stationary wavelet based multi scale decomposition, principal feature analysis with morphological filtering approaches. Here, the proposed approach will be compared with auto adapted LUM filter and soft threshold to evaluate an image quality. Firstly, the hazy image can be used to decompose the frame separation of each image by using stationary wavelet transform, and then obtain the low frequency component and high-frequency components of each and every frames, Principal feature (Eigen value) will be separated from low frequency and it is modified with certain enhancement factor and eventually carry on wavelet restructuring to the processed components.

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Denoising and compression is the best crucial technique to overcome this issue. SPHIT is mostly refined type of the algorithm of EZW and it is better algorithms for image compression that makes a set of bit stream from which we can get best renovate images. Through these algorithms, the values of highest PSNR of different type of images compression ration can be acquired. The denoised image performance is measured by image visual image quality and objectively by peak signal of noise ratio. Main attribute of a better image denoising is that it has to remove noises from image as far as capable and also preserve edges. Shrinkage threshold is most powerful technique and perspective approaches in image denoising. The simulation results of denoising demonstrate that wavelet related method of Bayes shrinkage performs better than method of peak signal to noise ration (PSNR). Our experimental results show that our proposed system techniques provide better denoising and compression compared with other previous compression techniques.

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The modern day of the medical research is having more challenges in brain tumor and clot detection within MRI (Magnetic Resonance images). The processing over medical images is being used for identification of the inner part of human body. The existing technique is not completely producing better output over the pathological cases and increasing performance of the tumor detection but not implementing detection system with blood clots. Proposed technique is considering over the identification of brain tumor within the blood clots by using Otsu and cuckoo algorithm used to detect the blood clots and brain tumor. The simulated result is producing better output for demonstrating the efficiency of brain tumor by localizing the tumor identification approach and the motivation towards for extending the tumor identification framework for several types of tumor with medical images.

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In networking and multimedia technologies the digital video contents over the web availability is growing at a scare speed. By using many different devices the huge amount of videos can be played and downloaded from everywhere. The tremendous success of websites like You Tube, Google and iTunes videos are based on the popularity where people can upload and download any videos. . In such scenario, a tool for performing video browsing would be really appreciated. To overcome the browsing the video files today many indexing, techniques are proposed. In recent years video content management and mining has become more important. This because of increasing amount of digital video system. The amount of audio/video data produced is rapidly increasing due to various digital equipments. Here a new mechanism is proposed in this work which implements a population based clustering mechanism for clustering and efficient video retrieval.

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Unique design of inductive coupling links is very essential in designing batteries bio-implantable devices. This paper, introduce a small size and efficient spiral circular coils (pancake) at 6.78 MHz to be used for bio-implantable devices. A mathematical model for the proposed coil is developed based on the number and width of turns for each coil to determine the outer and internal dimension by summation the width, number of the turns and spacing between them for each coil. The proposed coils are designed using commercial HFSS software. The results shows that the omni directional radiation patterns of the proposed coils is constant and stable and can be used for batteries bio-implantable devices.

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As everyone is familiar with the processors which places major role in computers, mobiles, tablets, smart phones etc. In past, the processors are of 16-bit, 32-bit. Based on the type of processor used is going to effect the performance of the device. Present scenario represents that more devices prefer 64-bit processors. The type of processors not only affects the performance of devices, it also guides types of software it use. Use of 64-bit OS even supports 32-bit operating system.

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Neutronic calculations have been performed to a fluidized bed nuclear reactor that uses advanced coated particles to improve its endurance against irradiation and high temperature. The calculation is intended to determine whether reactor characteristics have been significantly compromised. The characteristic of the reactor is assessed by investigating the change in criticality from packed bed condition to a full expansion of the particle bed. The particle used in this calculation was based on the standard TRISO fuel particle as being used in the HTR-10 reactor, and the use of advanced fuel particle was performed by replacing the SiC layer by a ZrC layer. A packed bed of 50 cm high was used in this research with an additional 20 ppm of boron in the side reflector. At packed condition, replacing SiC by ZrC in TRISO particles significantly decreases the criticality with a range of - 336 ± 138 pcm to - 2809 ± 99 pcm. Calculation on expanded bed shows similar behaviors, in which case the decrease in reactivity spans from -269 ± 101 pcm to -1286 ± 121 pcm. The use of standard TRISO particles and advanced coated particles might create positive reactivity coefficients for particular height of expanded beds.

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Cognitive radio is one of the modern techniques which is evolved for utilizing the unused spread spectrum effectively in wireless communication. Sensing of spectrum holes in a particular spectrum is one of the important concepts in implementing a CR system. In cognitive radio system the foremost concept is sensing the holes (spaces) in the frequency spectrum allotted and it facilitates a way that how effectively and efficiently the bandwidth is used by finding the spectrum holes in a designated spectrum. Among the various methods available for spectrum sensing, cyclostationary detection is found to be more effective and efficient and this cyclostationary feature mainly focuses on detecting whether the primary user is present or absent. By using cyclic cross-period gram matrix, the calculation of threshold of a signal is carried out to find the existence of noise or signal. The difficulty in evaluating the targeted threshold can be overcome by means of training an artificial neural network and extract cyclostationary feature by FFT accumulation method. This paper is proposing hardware architecture for cyclostationary feature detection using FFT accumulation method and artificial neural network. The proposed method is implemented using FPGA. From the synthesis report it is found that the maximum frequency of operation is 78MHz.

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The 2001 World Trade Center attack has led to greater interest in the complexities of cities and the concentration of buildings. Hence, toward maximizing the protection of citizens and property in advanced high-capacity structures, we evaluated the use of performance-based design methods as an alternative to prescription-based methods, to determine the physical properties of steel structures under the effects of fire-induced high temperatures. We developed a model for evaluating the effects of fire on the engineering properties of such structures, and also considered the material properties of steel structures exposed to ISO 834 fire conditions. The heat conduction was analyzed by a finite element method (FEM). Based on the output data on the elements of the steel members, a heat elastoplastic creep analysis program was used to analyze the resistance capacity of the steel structure with respect to the load, size of the section, and length of the member.

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The presence of particulate matter in the air is a risk for human health, especially, when we are exposed to constant sources for a long time. In addition, this pollution factor causes infrastructure damages to the built environment, and damages to nature. Since these damages are permanent, some studies analyze the particulate material distribution over cities and estimate the Total Suspended Particle (TSP), which is a measure of the concentration level of particulate matter in a sampled area. The results are used to predict the behavior of particulate matter concentration, and, in this way, to implement contingency plan and prevent future effects. We present a methodology based on ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model to predict the particulate matter concentration. Initially, the method applies a stage of data preprocessing to smooth the time series, eliminates outliers, corrects missing data, and standardizes and normalizes the data. Then, the method trains a multi-layer perception model with a back propagation algorithm. Finally, we estimate some error and accuracy measures to validate the predictions. The proposed ANN model obtained an accuracy between 85 to 95% in the experiments carried out in this work.

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The poly-Si/SiO2 based MOSFETs have been encountering a problem with the limitation of channel length for the device miniaturization. The drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effect is the main threat for the device to acquire excellent device’s characteristics. Thus, the metal-gate/high-k technology is a smart choice for the future replacement of poly-Si/SiO2 channel. This paper introduces the implementation of WSix/TiO2 channel to replace the poly-Si/SiO2 channel in vertical double-gate NMOS structure, followed by the application of Taguchi method to reduce the drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effects. The device was virtually fabricated and characterized by using both ATHENA and ATLAS modules of SILVACO TCAD tools. The L12 orthogonal array, main effects, signal-to noise ratio (SNR) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were utilized to analyze the effect of process parameter variations on the DIBL. Later, the interactions between the process parameters were investigated by using L8 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. Based on the final results, halo implant tilt angle and source/drain (S/D) implant energy were identified as the most dominant process parameters where each of them contributes 24% and 16% of factor effects on SNR respectively. The lowest possible value of DIBL after the optimization with the interaction test is 1.552 mV/V.

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Infrared non-destructive testing makes use of captured surface temperature map over object surface to characterize subsurface features. This qualitative and quantitative analysis of subsurface anomalies widened the scope applicability due to its whole field, no contact, non-invasive testing modality in addition to its suitability for testing of various materials. Augmented by the availability of various processing and testing methodologies it is gaining interest for surface and subsurface analysis. This paper introduces a qualitative methodology for subsurface analysis based on a classification using logistic regression and defect depth quantification using a linear regressive model developed for quadratic frequency modulated thermal wave imaging. The proposed methodology has been tested through experimentation carried over a carbon fiber reinforced plastic specimen with embedded flat bottom holes.

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In this paper, we introduce a Nano-Electro-Mechanical Field Effect Transistor (NEMFET) based logic flip flops tailored to the implementation of high speed and low energy functional units. Basic flip flops are implemented with NEMFET Logic are analyzed and compared against equivalent CMOS realizations. The feasibility of integration of NEM switches into a CMOS process is illustrated by a practical process flow. The application of NEMS logic in T flip flop has advantage in low power consumption, low-energy functional unit. Higher switching activity by reducing number of transistor in the device. This paper proposed an aggressive design technique of NEMFET based flip flops. Which reduce the leakage power comparing with the CMOS device? The implementation result shows that, the NEMFET based logic device are achieving the reduced power dissipation with low power and reduced leakage current which is small and negligible.

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This paper presents the analysis of Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) architecture for DSP applications. In VLSI, arithmetic cells including adders and multipliers are the most commonly used components. A MAC unit consists of a multiplier in combinational logic followed by an adder and an accumulator register that stores the result. Efficient implementation of MAC Unit is crucial in most of the microprocessors and digital signal processors (DSPs). An efficient constant multiplier architecture based on vertical-horizontal binary common sub-expression elimination (VHBCSE) algorithm may be used to design an efficient MAC Unit.4-bit binary common sub-expression elimination (BCSE) algorithm has been applied vertically across adjacent coefficients on the 2-D space of the coefficient matrix initially, followed by applying variable-bit BCSE algorithm horizontally within each coefficient. This is capable of reducing the average switching activity of the multiplier block. The proposed architecture was applied to MAC unit and compared against the conventional compressor based MAC units and applied to DSP applications to check its performance. To speed up the addition, Han Carlson adder is introduced. Parallel prefix adders provide good results as compared to the conventional adders.

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Mechanical alloying (MA) is a solid-state powder technique involving repeated welding, fracturing, and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill. MA has now been shown to be capable of synthesizing a variety of equilibrium and non-equilibrium alloy phases starting from blended elemental or prealloyed powders. The non-equilibrium phases synthesized include supersaturated solid solutions, metastable crystalline and quasicrystalline phases, nanostructures, and amorphous alloys. Currently, there is a question of stability of nanocrystalline structure obtained by mechanical alloying.

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The aims of this study are first to build the linear model of the fixed effect three level nested design. The model is not full column rank and has a constraint on its parameters; second is to transform the non full column rank model with a constraint into full column rank and unconstraint model by using method of model reduction; and third is to derive statistics for testing various hypotheses by using Generalized Likelihood Ratio (GLR) test and to derive the ratio of linear function of parameters by using Fieller’s Theorem. Based on the full column rank and unconstraint model the analysis to be conducted is: to estimate the parameters, to derive statistics for testing various hypotheses and to derive confidence intervals of the ratio of the linear function of parameters. The estimation of parameters and the statistics for testing some hypotheses are unbiased. Based on the simulation results, it can be shown that the tests are unbiased and in line with the criteria given by Pearson and Please. The simulation results for the (1-a) confidence interval of the ratio of the linear function of parameters tau (ti), beta (ßj(i)) and gamma (?k(ij)) are presented for different values of ?’s and in all cases the values of ?’s are contained in the 95% confidence intervals.

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PVDF-HFP flat sheet asymmetric membranes were prepared via phase inversion technique with N, N dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) as solvent. In this study polyethylene glycol (PEG Molecular weight 10,000) was utilized as additive at different compositions (0.0 - 10 wt. %) and deionized water was used as a coagulant bath. The structure and morphology of the resulting membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), FTIR, XRD, as well as measurements of contact angle, porosity, pore size and viscosity. The SEM images very clearly indicate that all membranes are of asymmetric structure and the porosity is increased with increased PEG additive. Additionally, the membranes’ crystallinity was found to be less than its pure state of PVDF-HFP. It was also found to decrease with increased PEG as additive. Finally, the results gave the best interpretation of the influence of PEG as additive on the properties and structure of the relevant membrane.

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The Arithmetic and Logic Unit is one of the key module in digital signal processors. All the digital domain based technology depends on the operations performed by ALU. Therefore there is a need to design an efficient ALU. ALU consists of arithmetic unit and Logical unit. Arithmetic unit is designed using multiplier adder etc. The multiplier in the proposed work is designed using a unique tree structure which has lesser delay. The adder unit used is Knowles adder which is a parallel prefix adder and has lesser delay compared to other known prefix adders. The proposed work is better in terms of delay. A trade off has been made between area and delay in the proposed design. The savings of power for most power effective architectures range from 19.38% to 33.87%. The proposed design is described using Verilog hardware description language. For Synthesis of the design Cadence RTL compiler has been used.

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This paper presents a comprehensive review of human gesture recognition algorithms before and after the release of low cost high resolution depth/RGB Microsoft Kinect sensor. Gesture recognition becomes an active research area in computer vision for the past one or two decades. After the release of Kinect sensor, a number of significant research advances were made particularly in pose estimation considering the depth images. Pose estimation using depth images can address major problems faced by the conventional RGB based approaches. This survey reviews the latest trends in pose estimation using depth images as well as discussing the limitations or problems faced by these approaches. The future research directions are highlighted to improve the current pose estimation algorithms. This paper expected to serve as a reference for the researchers who willing to develop new gesture recognition algorithms based on Microsoft Kinect.

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Casting simulation has become a powerful tool to visualize mold arrangements, filling, solidification and cooling, and to predict the location of internal defects such as sand inclusion, shrinkage porosity, and cold shuts. It can be used for avoid existing casting process defects, and for developing new castings without shop floor trials. With the help of simulation efficiency and quality of casting product is improving. It needs only planning, accuracy, and quality of knowledge for simulation. The simulation of chilled cast iron tappet depends on factors like Carbon, Silicon, Manganese, and pouring temperature. These factors help in improvising the mechanical strength of tappet.MAGMASoft5.2 is used for simulation based on parameters i.e. C- 3.2 to 3.6, Mn- 0.4 to 0.7, Si-2.0 to 2.4 and T- 1450°C to 1550 °C. These factors improve the chilled depth value during phase transformation.

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In this research, the particle size distribution (0.3µm-0.5µm, 0.5µm-0.7µm, 0.7µm-1.0µm, 1.0-2.5µm, 2.5µm-5.0µm, >5.0µm) with the variety of activities (printing, photocopying and use of air freshener spray) in administrative office were measured. The direct reading instruments were used to measure number particulate matter and environmental parameters (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity). Air Exchange Rate (AER) was determined by using a tracer gas technique. The predominance size of particulate is 0.3µm to 0.5µm with 8901 number/cm3 and 4699 number/cm3. The use of air freshener illustrates the highest emission rate, which is 3.73x1010s-1. Significant elevation of indoor particle concentration was noted during these three activities. The photocopy activity can be a major source of indoor particle concentration due to high number of particles emitted within short periods and the particles remain fluctuated in the indoor air with slow decay rate.

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The goal of this study is to evaluate the qualities of various clusters and their improvements using some techniques. A comparative analysis is carried to identify the quality cluster. Distance measures are presented for measuring the distance functions. The selection of centroids, influence function, density function, pseudo inverse and other related concepts are mathematically explained for utilizing in this work. Density and entropy expressions are provided to exhibit the quality clusters. For the purpose of discussing the quality of various clusters the densities, entropies and weights relating to S, SA and W clusters are computed. The improvement of cluster quality based on above concepts have been analysed. A comparison is made among S, SA and W clusters and pointed out the quality clusters.

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The word Multi layer has a broad spectrum that has been widely used by various discipline is science, specifically in the pavement (e.g. pavement) has been used as a medium that provides theoretical information regarding the response of pavement layers. Multi layer as a concept has been used as an approach in the planning of thick layers of added pavement as the main principle of the mechanistic method, and become part of the method of artificial neural network, multi-layer also has been used as part of the analysis of pavement computerization with specific loading models. for this study as a sort of multi-layer testing of its own with a literature review, experimental. A literature review using internalization-adduct approach. Experimental study of wear approach to results-mechanistic empirical methods modification, literature review and analysis results are validated experimentally using software Bisar 3. The final results of the study into consideration policy makers on road maintenance management stages for the implementation of the pavement structure is integrated and synergistic with the performance of the pavement structure.

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One of the main problems in many rivers is high turbidity. People lose attraction to rivers if the water is turbid. Reduction of turbidity is also one of the main objectives to achieve acceptable water quality for municipal water supply. Turbidity is generally removed by adding chemical coagulants which show good result, but less environment friendly. Therefore, a significant amount of research is needed to discover efficient biodegradable coagulant to reduce turbidity of water. This study investigated the potential use of phyto-coagulants for turbidity reduction in synthetic and river water. Among the four phyto-ingredients tested, white popinac was found to be efficient in reducing the turbidity of river water by 76% at 50 mg/L with initial turbidity of 319 NTU. The efficiency of white popinac in reducing synthetic turbid water was not as profuse as seen in river water. Thus, white popinac being a non-toxic element and posing no threat to human health could be used as a potential coagulant to reduce turbidity of water. However, further experimentations are needed to ascertain the toxicological and antiseptic aspects of white popinac for wider applications, which is reported to be consumed occasionally by local people for several health benefits.

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The feasibility of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) as a carbon precursor for the nanocasting of ordered mesoporous carbon is investigated in this work. The presence of ordered hexagonal meso structures in silica template and carbon replica have been confirmed through transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis. The total surface area of the synthesized carbon replica is 772 m2/g. The average particle diameter measured at 1.5 µm is determined from scanning electron microscopy. A series of adsorption tests conducted at 30 oC with initial concentration of 200 mg/L on three different solutes (methylene blue, riboflavin and chloramphenicol) has shown a promising potential of 80, 70 and 35% removal, respectively. A less hazardous, non-edible PEG-400 is therefore proposed as a promising alternative carbon precursor for ordered mesoporous carbon synthesis.

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Cellulose-based biopolymers are used by pharmaceutical industries for drug delivery. In the case of cellulose ethers, the drug delivery function is highly impacted by the molecular structure, namely the degrees of substitution of the polymer chains. The complexity of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) structure and resulting properties is due to the presence of two grafting groups, the methoxy group (OCH3) and the hydroxypropyl group (OC3H6OH). The goal of this work is to present an original way to characterize and determine the structure of HPMC on the basis of 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Quantitative determination of the degrees of substitution is achieved.

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This document contains the formatting information for the papers presented at the International conference on “Engineering Technology International Conference (ETIC 2015)”. The conference would be held at (Bali, Indonesia) during August 10-11, 2015. Dredging is a necessary procedure to remove large quantities of sediments from the seabed. It is therefore imperative to examine the possibility of reusing the material. Accordingly, it is important to determine the material’s inherent geo-characteristics as the first step in ascertaining its physical reusability. The paper describes the key geotechnical characteristics of 4 dredged marine soil samples retrieved from Malaysian waters. Overall, it was found that the dredged marine soils do not differ significantly from ordinary fine-grained soils, and could be reused as a sound geomaterial with certain pre-treatment to improve the engineering properties accordingly.

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In line with the growth in road traffic, substantial quantities of used tyre are being discarded annually throughout the world. The current techniques to dispose this giant stockpile of used tyre where it is deposited in landfills. Tyres occupy a great volume of the landfill space, as compaction of the tyres is not possible, and the disintegration is very slow. This result to environmental problems such as, the tyres may accumulate rainwater and in this way will establish insect breeding grounds for mosquitoes (health risk like dengue). In this research used tyres was thoroughly studied to find the potential use of shredded tyre as a filter medium in subsurface drainage layer. Hence, the permeability tests and dry sieve analysis were setup to find the permeability coefficient (k) to fit the filter design criteria. However, since the tyres contain several chemical and metal compositions, Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) tests were demonstrated to investigate the leaching level of recycle shredded tyre. The result shows, the data obtained from Dry Sieve Analysis and Permeability Test has passing the Filter Performance Criteria which is Permeability Criterion and Retention Criterion. Apart from that, the hazardous constituent or leaching level of shredded tyre has showed the level is below the regulatory limits. From the parameter and data obtained, a conclusion can be made, where the shredded tyre has a promising potential and suitable to be used as filter medium in subsurface drainage layer.

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This research explores the effect of active root zone related to slope stabilization. The matric suction produced by mature tree was determined with high and moderated intensity of rainfall event condition. The increasing of soil moisture and pore water pressure can significantly reduce shear strength of soil which leads to shallow slope failure. This exploration is concentrate at active root zone of the tree at toe of the slope. The effect only focused on hydrological aspect with soil suction pattern within vicinity of the tree. The monitoring result show a substantially increase in soil suction at slope with tree at toe. The effect of tree water uptake on soil suction distribution is applied for slope stability analysis that significantly changes stability of the slope. The rainfall events also lead to variation on soil suction and factor of safety of the slope. The influence of water uptake from root activity at the toe of slope created a dry condition and substantially increased the factor of safety against slope failure up to 63%.

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Construction industry is commonly known as an industry exposed to high risks in many aspects, especially related to safety and health. Despite many efforts done by all relevant parties related to the construction industry to bring awareness and enhancing the level of safety and health in construction projects, accidents keep on occurring on construction sites. Safety procedures, policies and regulations may already be implemented on-site; however, the effectiveness of its implementation is still debatable. The use of technology has proven to help in minimizing number of accidents occurrence on construction site and overall construction safety management. This paper provides an overview of various types of technology applications (3D and 4D visualisation techniques, information and communication technology, real-time tracking systems, RFIDs and remote-sensing) suitable for effective implementation and improvisation on construction jobsite that have been proposed and studied by numerous researchers worldwide based on the traditional review conducted. The information gathered can be used to determine some of the applications that can be implemented on Malaysian construction projects. The technology proposed may effectively help construction players to reduce number of accidents and thus, elevate the safety and health aspects in Malaysian construction industry to another level.

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Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) plays an important role in the current electronic industrial market. To fulfill the standard of laboratory accreditation in the EMC field based on the ISO 17025 standard, the proficiency test (PT) or the inter-laboratory participation is mandatory towards the accreditation requirements. One of the essences of the laboratory assessment is the measurement uncertainty (MU). Recent research trends show that there are MU works on the data validation, hardware and signal reference source. This paper highlights a summary of recent related works on the MU improvement and recommendation which will result in the possible future directive reviews.

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Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is among the most popular methods of decision makings. This article contains the tutorial document composed of a short discussion on AHP presented at the International conference on “Proceedings of Engineering Technology International Conference”. The conference would be held at Bali, Indonesia during August 10-11, 2015. The paper starts with the short review of Multi-criteria Decision Making and AHP. Then it discusses about the techniques and formulae that are used in the AHP decision making method. Lastly, this paper recommends AHP to future researchers and professionals with highlights of the reasons to use the methodology process when engaged in complex decision making problems.

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Jigsaw machines are common cutting tools and used in a large scale in wood working industries. The main problem with jigsaw usage is imprecision cutting due to blade deflection and human handling method. In this paper, a new design of second guided roller for the jigsaw to avoid blade deflection is introduced. A steel arm which holding the second guided roller and a platform with a guided fence are also presented. The cutting finding with and without using this tool is compared and reported. It is found that the jigsaw paired with this tool is able to cut a better straight line with a smooth cutting surface.

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Recently, the use of waste oil especially in biodiesel industry has gain much attention because of its low price, thus lowering the economics of the commercial production cost. As such, this study present the utilizing of waste palm oil adsorbed on decanter cake as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Palm oil decanter cake, a waste originated from palm oil mill, suffered with high free fatty acids (FFA) is difficult to be converted into methyl esters via conventional basic catalyst. Therefore, a solid acid, RHA-SO3H catalyst was prepared by sulfonating rice husk ash (RHA) with concentrated sulfuric acid which can work for both esterification of free fatty acids and transesterification of triglycerides present in oil of decanter cake. The solid acid catalyst was characterized in detail with TGA, FTIR, BET, XRD, FE-SEM, and Hammett indicators. The RHA-SO3H catalyst shows good catalytic activity for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of oil adsorbed on decanter cake. Under optimized reaction conditions, about 80 wt.% of methyl ester was produced at 6 wt.% catalyst, 17:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio after 5 h of reaction.

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Shrinking fossil fuels sources, accelerating prices and the effect of its usage on the environment have indicate to the exploration for alternative fuels for diesel engines. This study focus on in-situ transesterification using barnacle shell supported on ZnO as a basic heterogeneous catalyst and spent bleaching clay as feedstock. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, FTIR, BET, FESEM and basicity. The optimum conditions for the process were: time 4 h; catalyst amount 2% (SBC weight); methanol to oil molar ratio 150:1; and co-solvent (petroleum ether to hexane, 1:1 mass ratio) with highest methyl ester content at 77 wt.%.

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One of the important aspects of Engineering Technology (ET) program is the students must be able to apply a significant hands-on job throughout the program. Apart from laboratory work carried out at the university, the industrial training components can also contribute a significant practical work to enhance the skills of the students. In this study, the difference between ET and Engineering program is distinguished by proposing longer periods of industrial training in ET program. However, the effectiveness of longer periods of training must be investigated in order to find out whether this framework has to be retained for future training. For this, the university has structured the industrial training by imposing the students to undergo two (2) months training during the third (3rd) semester of year two (2), another two (2) months during the third (3rd) semester of year three (3) and finally, six (6) months during the last semester of fourth (4th) year (i.e. final semester). An interview has been conducted with two industrial panels to find out the effectiveness of the proposed training. A few suggestions and ideas given by both panels were considered for the development for industrial training syllabus in ET program.

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Research on green roof has been quite intensive in the past decade. Many researchers have studied on the cooling effect of green roof without focusing on an alternative to replace the conventional material in green roof system. The needs to use waste material become more essential to ensure the environmental sustainability. Hence, this paper reports on the use of palm oil clinker as drainage layer in green roof system and also the cooling potential of green roof under Malaysia climatic condition. Hydraulic conductivity was investigated through constant load permeameter test and the cooling effect was studied by means of experimental green roof in cubicles. The analysis of thermal performance was carried out by using CLTD/CLF/SCL method. It was found that palm oil clinker is suitable to replace conventional materials as drainage layer in green roof system and it is also found that the green roof could reduce the air temperature inside the experimental cubicles hence reduced the heat gains.

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Improvement in standards of living in Malaysia makes people using more modern electrical appliances at home. Electrical appliances for residential building consume a significant amount of electricity in the domestic sector. Efficiency improvement of these appliances will give a significant impact on future energy consumption for this country. Standards and Labelling (S&L) has been implemented around the world and energy efficiency (EE) can be considered as an important strategy to reduce the energy consumption. Malaysia has adopted the minimum energy performance standard (MEPS) approach to implement S&L programs. South Korea is one of the developed countries that also implement MEPS. This paper discussed the implementation of MEPS as EE standards and labels in Malaysia and South Korea. The comparison on testing procedure and energy efficiency label between these two countries also has been discussed. Therefore, some recommendations to improve S&L in Malaysia also provided regarding the success of its implementation in South Korea. The methods to calculate and identify EE standards and labels that provide some useful information for identifying energy efficient products have been reviewed between these countries. The implementing of EE standards and labels will save a huge of energy, as well as beneficial to the environment. Therefore, it will encourage consumers to use the energy efficient electrical appliances.

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The performance of Co-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by co-impregnation method has been investigated for syngas generation through ethanol dry reforming in a tubular fixed-bed reactor at 973 K and various partial pressures of reactants. Both ?-Al2O3 support and 3%Co-10%Ni/Al2O3 catalyst exhibited high surface area of 174.13 and 89.15 m2 g-1, respectively. Temperature-programmed calcination and XRD measurements detected the formation of NiO, Co3O4, NiAl2O4 and CoAl2O4 phases on catalyst surface. In addition, the activation energy for the formation of these phases varied from 148.5 to 296.5 kJ mol-1. The conversion of both C2H5OH and CO2 was stable with time-on-stream at beyond 6 h. An increase in CO2 partial pressure enhanced the selectivity of H2 and CO but decreased CH4 selectivity due to the dry reforming reaction of CH4 intermediate product. The optimal C2H5OH partial pressure was obtained at 30 kPa in terms of H2 and CO yield.

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Soil stabilization with cement has been extensively used for the improvement of soft clay soils, in enhancing the shear strength and limiting the deformation behaviors. The alternative cheaper admixture agents are essential since high costs are involved in the manufacture of cement production. The possibility of admixing cement with waste products such as dust shell (DS) as admixture for stabilizing soft soils will be presented in this paper. This study was aimed at assessing the usefulness of cement-dust shell (DS) as an effective soil admixture for improving some properties of clay soils. The stabilized specimens were prepared with the kaolin admixed with 5 % cement and various quantities of dust shell. Observation are made for the change in the properties of soil such as Atterberg Limits, Maximum dry density (MDD), Optimum moisture content (OMC) and Unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Result shows that the addition of dust shell slightly increases the maximum dry density and reducing optimum moisture content. In addition, the unconfined compressive strength of 5% cement-treated with dust shell samples increases with an increase of the amount of dust shell. This study indicates that cement-dust shell has a potential as an alternative soft soil stabilizer in soft soil stabilization with highlight the economical and environmental friendly material utilize.

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In this study, the numerical investigation of the viscous dissipation on free convective boundary layer flow towards a horizontal circular cylinder with constant wall temperature is considered. The transformed partial differential equations are solved numerically by using an implicit finite-difference scheme known as the Keller-box method. Numerical solutions are obtained for the reduced Nusselt number and the reduced skin friction coefficient as well as the velocity and temperature profiles. The features of the flow and heat transfer characteristics for various values of the Prandtl number and Eckert number are analyzed and discussed. The results in this paper is original and important for the researchers working in the area of boundary layer flow and this can be used as reference and also as complement comparison purpose in future.

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Malaysia as a country which received a very high rainfall throughout the year is moving towards adopting rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) as a means to mitigate water shortage and flood problem. In 2012, RWHS is made compulsory for every development of new housing and building at several states in Malaysia, both for water supply and flood control. Furthermore, since flood is becoming more prevalent nowadays in Malaysia especially in Kuantan, Pahang, lacks of space for the construction of flood mitigation facilities has prompted authorities to look for other solutions for flood control. This study intends to determine the potential of rainwater harvesting site in Kuantan, Pahang. Daily rainfall data from five selected hydrology stations in Kuantan catchment are used to analyse the water availability in order to identify the potential of rainwater harvesting site in Kuantan. Based on average monthly rainfall data, the highest amount of rainfall received by all stations is on December meanwhile the least number of rainfalls received by all stations is on February except for station Sg. Lembing P.C.C.L Mill which received the lowest number of rainfall on July.

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We consider the wave impact against a vertical baffle or a vertical wall in close proximity to the baffle for four cases: (i) a vertical baffle at free surface; (ii) a vertical baffle in front of a wall; (iii) a vertical baffle on a deck in front of a wall; (iv) a vertical baffle on the tank bottom in front of a wall. The mathematical formulation and the boundary conditions for four cases are presented for the pressure impulse. We used a basis function solution method for the pressure impulse which can then be integrated analytically to give the total impulse for each problem. These basis functions satisfy the boundary conditions except on the baffle and a matching line, where appropriate conditions give a matrix system for the unknown coefficients. The influence of the depth of baffle penetration and the size of the impact region is also studied. We find that pressure impulse with the same size of impact region on baffles of the same length are almost same for cases (i), (ii) and (iii). However the pressure impulse behind the baffles decreases when the length of the baffle increases for cases (ii) and (iii). For case (iv), the pressure impulse on the wall and behind the baffles increases when the length of the bottom-mounted baffle increases.

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The steady mixed convection boundary layer flow over a horizontal circular cylinder filled with nanofluids has been investigated numerically using different types of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles presences in the fluids increase the thermal conductivity up to approximately two times and thus enhancing the performance of the heat transfer. Enhancement of heat transfer is essential subject from an energy saving perspective, therefore the past years has witnessed extensive research on the convective heat transfer in nanofluids. In this paper, the nanofluid model proposed by Tiwari and Das has been used as this model is successfully applied in several papers. The problem is then being extended for the case of convective boundary conditions where the bottom surface of the cylinder is heated by convection from hot fluids. The resulting partial differential equations are solved numerically using implicit finite-difference scheme via Keller-box method. The effects of mixed convection , nanoparticle volume fraction and conjugate parameters on the temperature and velocity profiles near the lower stagnation point of the cylinder are examined. Detailed results are presented through figures for the temperature and velocity profiles. It is found that as the conjugate and mixed convection parameter increase, the temperature and velocity profile increases, while an increase in the nanoparticle volume fraction led to the increment of temperature profile and velocity profiles.

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The commercialization of biodiesel and their diesel blends on the market of many countries would result towards environmental damages due to accidental spills such as leakage. This study aims to investigate the survival of Pseudomonas putida as bioremediation agent in soil contaminated with biodiesel/diesel blends (B50). The spillage stimulation of B50 was conducted at laboratory scale for 24 days of treatment time. The experimental results show that introduction of biodiesel/ diesel blends into the soil induced a reduction in growth of Pseudomonas putida in relation to control values. The Pseudomonas putida growth was influenced by with or without biodiesel/diesel content. The growth of Pseudomonas putida gained from contaminated soil was higher in control sample followed by B50. These findings enhance our understanding that Pseudomonas putida is sensitive to any ecosystem perturbation, and measurement of their colonies may serves as indicators of soil pollution and soil health.

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Fires in confined space, such as enclosure in buildings, ships or planes are called compartment and categorized as unwanted fire. Fire resulted in property loss, human injury and fatality as well as negative impacts towards environment. The numbers of fire cases keep increasingly from year to year and become human concerns regardless fire engineer, fire fighter, policy makers and academicians as well. Fire engineers had found one way to reduce the occurrence by determine whether such a potential exist by undertaking a fire risk assessment of the building or facility. The main goal of fire risk assessment is to identify and characterize the fire risks of concern and provide information for the appropriate fire risk management decision. The search of relevant publications was performed mainly through international bibliographic database and science search engine as well as by examining citations from other authors. The relevant features of currently available tools of risk assessment approach are described. As a conclusion, various tools for risk assessment in compartment has their own convergence and divergence, nonetheless the owners of building/design and fire engineer can choose based on their needs and capabilities as the focus not on hazards identification only but towards method to reduce or prevent the fire risk from occurs.

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The cultivating of freshwater microalgae namely Botryococcus sp. in outdoor conditions for phycoremediation of food processing wastewater was investigated. Dilution of wastewater and distilled water as pure sample (100%) and diluted sample (50%) of wastewater were examined. The highest growth of Botryococcus sp. in pure sample of food processing wastewater occurs at Day 12 at approximately 3.72×106 cell/mL with the highest removal of nitrate, phosphate and total organic carbon are 86.62%, 78.23% and 76.66%, respectively. Diluted (50%) food processing wastewater, the Botryococcus sp. was able to reach maximum growth at Day 13 at cell concentration approximately at 9.7×105 cell/mL. Significantly reduction for some nutrients such as nitrate (78.78%), biochemical oxygen demand (69.03%) and total organic carbon (67.93%) were observed. This finding proved good indication of Botryococcus sp. grows in food processing wastewater. The information from these findings is potentially useful for biotechnology industries for further development of bio-based product from microalgae biomass.

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This document contains the formatting information for the papers presented at the International conference on “Engineering Technology International Conference”. The conference held at (Bali, Indonesia) during August 10-11, 2015. Scientific interest in cutting edge drug delivery technologies has enhanced considerably to replace expensive drug discovery investigations. Advent of nanotechnology in drug delivery has helped to transform plant bioactive like silymarin or curcumin originally sidelined due to pharmacokinetic limitations into valuable therapeutics. Andrographolide is one such pleotropic plant bioactive having low solubility and short biological half-life. Nanosystem design for the plant bioactive in FDA approved polymer PLGA 50:50 was therefore perceived as probable solution to its pharmacokinetic limitations. However, considerable challenges exist in the pre-formulative stages of nanosystem design. Multiple trial and error runs are required to arrive at a desired release of bioactives from the designed systems leading to time and cost consumptions. Hence an attempt has been made in the present work to predict the drug release from nanosystems at definite time intervals using a simpler mathematical tool by way of curve fitting. The proposed curve fitting, uses a power series to predict the drug release in successive hours, is of the form f(x) = a*x^b+c. The constants a, b and c are predicted by least squares method and the confidence bounds of the prediction is taken to be 99 %. The results obtained from the mathematical curve fitting correlated well with the release data obtained from HPLC experiments. The error percentage of the predicted results from the experimentation is to a tune of 3% in all the data sets.

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The pollution discharge has influence the chemical composition of Muar River where studied was carried out using the Environmetric Techniques and the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) model. Environmetric method, the hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HACA), the discriminant analysis (DA), the principal component analysis (PCA) and the factor analysis (FA) to study the spatial variations of water quality variables and to determine the origin sources of pollution. ANNs model was used to predict linear relationship between water quality variables, the most significant variables that influence Muar River as well as sources of apportionment pollution. HACA observed three spatial clusters were formed. DA managed to discriminate 16 and 19 water quality variables thru forward and backward stepwise. Eight principal components were found responsible for the data structure and 67.7% of the total variance of the data set in PCA/FA analysis. ANNs analysis, strong relationship correlation was observed between salinity, conductivity, DS, TS, Cl, Ca, K, Mg and Na (r = 0.954 to 0.997), moderate relationship observed between COD and E.coli (r = 0.449) and Cd and Pb (r = 0.492) and others variables have no significant correlation. pH was the most significant variables (51.6%) and Fe was less significant variables (-0.52%). The major sources of pollution of the river were due to natural degradation / natural process that affecting the pH value of the river. Other pollution contribution was from anthropogenic sources such as agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, domestic waste, natural erosion, livestock farming and present of nitrogenous species. The ANNs showed better prediction in identified most significant variable compare to Environmetric techniques. ANNs is an effective tool in decision making and problem solving for local/global environmental issues.

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Conventional extraction and incineration process of sugarcane bagasse to extract its reactive silica content has confronted several critical issues, particularly in terms of the amount of reactive silica extracted, energy efficiency, and safety precautions. Based on this evaluation, pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse using acid solution is beneficial, particularly in the removal of alkali metals and increasing the amount of reactive SiO2. Amorphous SiO2 from the ashes by the hydration product of calcium hydrate (C-S-H) is completely beneficial in improving performance and durability of concrete. These papers attempts to abridge a review of current literature on the extensive studies that have been undertaken to explore suitable method and pre-treatment to increase the level of silica extraction from SCB with Eco-Friendly approach.

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Biodiesel fuel is produced catalytically by transesterification reaction where catches the researcher attention nowadays as it is a promising alternative diesel fuel. Edible oil industries produce spent bleaching clay (SBC) as their major wastes. In this work, an environmental friendly transesterification reaction using de-oiled spent bleaching clay (D-SBC) loaded with KOH is being developed. The catalyst loaded with 40% KOH on D-SBC using wet impregnation method followed by calcination at 600°C for 4 hours was seems to give highest basicity and the best catalytic activity for transesterification. The catalyst was undergoing characterization by means of FTIR, TGA, FE-SEM and Hammett indicator test. The effect of reaction parameters was then studied such as methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction time and catalyst amount. The reaction conversion of 85.7% was achieved under the optimum condition. Utilization of D-SBC as an eco-friendly and cheap solid support is a promising. Therefore progress should be made on doping more other metals on D-SBC for transesterification of oil with methanol.

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The Hybrid Brain Computer Interface (Hybrid BCI) systems provide an integrated system with different signal sources, as multiple interpretations of brain waves through an electroencephalogram (EEG), as well as muscular signals from electromyography (EMG) and gyroscopic positioning. Many hybrid BCI systems perform not only with high quality devices, longer preparation times but with lower possibility of lightweight portability not just for the acquisition device but for the processing device as well. A hybrid BCI is implemented using a commercial device for the signal measurement known as Emotiv EPOC, focusing on relaxation (alpha wave related) and concentration (Beta and Gamma wave related) as brain waves, winking as muscular application and head movement on the horizontal axis. It was implemented the features extraction methods, Power Spectral Density (PSD), Hjorth Complexity and Mobility (Hjorth Parameters), Petrosian Fractal Dimension (PFD) and the Frobenius Norm. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier was used as the classification method.

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Non-fatal occupational injuries have been reported in high number of cases based on current Malaysian statistic data yet there are limited published papers covering on the issue especially in an agriculture milling industry. This study intended to develop a framework on non-fatal occupational injury surveillance by using an epidemiological data, exposure data and non-fatal occupational injury data. Method development and research’s instrument preparation will be established in the first phase of the study. These are including reviews on relevant literatures, questionnaire development and sampling procedure. In the second phase, workplace-based survey will be carried out by using questionnaire which consist data on epidemiological and non-fatal occupational injuries. Environmental and personal noise exposure monitoring will also be executed. All gathered data will be analyzed in quantitative method by using a statistical software SPSS (Statistic Package for Social Science). It is expected that database of non-fatal injury surveillance consists of epidemiological data of workers and exposure data could be established. The study will contribute to an initial approach of developing a framework for occupational injury surveillance that beneficial in early detection of occupational disease and preventive action. Future intervention on occupational safety and health could be tailor-made based on this occupational injury surveillance by focusing on workers’ safety and health in the palm oil mill.

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The construction of modern wind turbine is costly, complex and risky. In this paper, modeling and simulation of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind turbine is presented to investigate the dynamic behavior of the system. The behavior of the system is described in mathematical equations, modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink using field orientation principle. Simulation results are presented in two operation modes namely below and above synchronous speed. Measurement obtained from 5 MW wind turbine confirmed the theoretical result. The created modeled can be used to simulate the behavior of DFIG for wind turbine inexpensively, efficiently and safely.

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Selecting the best sampling method for respirable crystalline silica (RCS) exposure always is a debate among industrial hygienist. The dispute is always focusing on the diversity between direct and indirect method which may contribute to uncertainty in final result. The objective of this research is to define applicability of direct and indirect method in determination of RCS exposure in Malaysia. Beside, this study aims to determine the best method in terms of performance characteristic. Parallel 8 H exposure sampling was performed among 30 workers at 6 granite quarries located in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Based on overall measurement uncertainty value, we determine that indirect method has better performance characteristic compared with direct method. However, inferential statistic by Spearman’s rank order correlation test indicate significant positive correlation (r (30)=0.427; p<0.05), and different test Wilcoxon sign rank test, showed no significant difference between bot set of data. These indicate that there is no significant difference on exposure data between both methods.

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Problem related with indoor air is rapidly becoming a major health issue worldwide. It is because people spend almost 90% of their time indoors. Nowadays, people are being exposed to a variety of health risks from the surrounding indoor pollution which can affect one’s health. Some of the risks are unavoidable. In Malaysia, museum is one of niche products of Malaysia cultural heritage tourism attraction that could affect the growth of the tourism industry in this country. A balanced of indoor environment conditions in museum buildings refer to the preservation of cultural objects and the human comfort both the visitors and the staffs. It is because most of the historic building which has been convert into museum are building were built about 100 years ago. Rely entirely on the mechanical systems without paying attention to the building’s original design and its features as ideal climate tools, for both human comfort and the conservation of museum collections. The application of mechanical ventilation system supposedly provides a healthy and better indoor environment inside the museum building. There a need for careful planning to be conducted during the early stages of designing new mechanical systems so that only suitable and appropriate systems are installed.

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Geothermal energy is one of the renewable power sources which can be an alternative to the increasingly more scarce fossil fuel. Especially, West-Sumatera is one of region in Indonesia located at the ring of fire, has an abundant potential for geothermal energies. The proposed of the study research was development of web-based mapping application and identifying potential areas for geothermal exploration. Web-Based GIS ( also called internet GIS or on line GIS) is a network-based geographic information service that utilizes both wired and wireless Internet to access geographic information and analytical tools in delivering GIS services. Use of GIS applications service as for resources information system tools in Decision Support System (DSS) to helping and managing the company’s geothermal resources for key decision making, planning and also provides the users with an innovative and interactive way to access the spatial content over the internet/intranet. The service application provides a variety of functionalities such as; browse map mode, querying, navigation system, user requiring service, search region and displaying geothermal well properties e.g. megawatt capacity, map editing and printing from the web interface.

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Depleting fossil fuel resources, increasing cost and the effect of GHGs has signalled the exploration alternative fuels for diesel engines. This study focused on transesterification using tannery fleshing as a feedstock and sodium hydroxide as a homogenous catalyst. The tannery fleshing was pre-treated via solid-state fermentation in order to reduce the free fatty acids present in it. The optimum conditions for the transesterification were: time 3 h; methanol to oil ratio 6:1 and catalyst amount 1% with highest methyl ester content at 89 wt. %.

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Automobile catalytic converter is a component to reduce the pollutant production such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Hydro Carbon (HC). Material for catalytic converter is selected. However, the challenge is how to select the right materials and right methods. This research approaches the selective materials such as the ?- Al2O3 nanocrystalline as the washcoat, NiO as the catalyst and FeCrAl as a substrate. Those materials was selected due to their advantages. New method is approached by using a combination of ultrasonic technique provide more acceleration to the ?- Al2O3 powders. Washcoating process is conducted by using electroplating of Ni plate on FeCrAl substrate in sulphamate type as electrolyte medium. The potential result is the catalytic converter components provide the oxidation resistance in short term and long term oxidation resistance in high temperature operation as well as improving the homogeneity of material/wall thickness.

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Due to the shortage of wood as origin materials for paper-based production, agro-residue materials have been explored in the quest of finding the best alternative fibre. Oil palm leaf (OPL) is one of agro-residue that has potential due to its comparable characteristics with wood fibre. Studies on chemical compositions, fibre morphology and mechanical property of OPL have been carried out aiming to evaluate its potential as a substitute raw material for pulp and paper-based production. The chemical compositions were analysed according to the TAPPI standard, Kurscher-Hoffner and chlorite methods accordingly. The mechanical property (tensile, tearing and bursting strengths) were determined as described in TAPPI test methods. Fibre dimensions were determined using Franklin method and analysed under the optical microscope. The content of cellulose in the OPL is determined to be 43.8%. Although, this result is lower than wood fibre (53%), OPL has higher hemicellulose content (36.4%) than the wood fibre (27.5%). In addition, the lignin content (19.7%) of OPL is in the low range of those in wood resources (18 - 25%). These parameters are important components to produce good quality pulp and will provide high mechanical strength of the paper-based products. The measured fibre length of oil palm leaf (1.13 mm) is shorter than the wood fibre (1.90 mm). Meanwhile, the mechanical property of OPL showed lower indexes than wood resources, however, tear (1.80 mN.m2/g) and burst (0.95 kPa.m2/g) indexes of OPL are higher than other published and successful wood resources (Eucalyptus). Based on the analyses, the oil palm leaf is indeed a suitable alternative of raw material for pulp and paper-based industries.

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In recent years, Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) is one of the popular research areas due to low cost to employ the network, self-organization, freedom of location, and no base stations. Broadcast and data aggregation are crucial operations in MANETs. Due to the high mobility of nodes and the transmission distance, nodes may change their positions rapidly and thus not only change the network topology but also make it impossible to keep a durable and regular data routing between two nodes, that can cause link failure. Recently, it has been argued that layered architecture is not suitable for wireless network. In an effort to improve the performance of MANETs, there has been increased in protocols that rely on cross-layer interaction between different layers. In this paper, a new Cross-layer Design among Network and Physical layers, called Signal Strength Based Stability (SSBS) is proposed to reduce the broadcast redundancy, minimize the routing overhead and increase stability of the transmission link by measuring signal strength changes of neighbour nodes. SSBS will request selective forward nodes depend on its signal strength value. The proposed algorithm was simulated, and the packet delivery ratio including routing overhead was selected as the main performance evaluation metrics. The results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance over the conventional DSR protocol having implemented with blind flooding, and also improves the performance of on demand routing protocols of MANETs by reducing the communication overhead incurred during the route discovery process on DSR protocol.

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With the change of IOT (Internet of things), the thought of canny device has ended up being all the more understood. Devices are joined with the web and amplify their range. Cell telephone is by all record by all account not the only ordinary sharp device. Keen TV, savvy, shrewd rings, brilliant air screen, shrewd sensors, an extensive variety of standard contraptions swing to brilliant and can get to the web. This adds to the progression of remote home computerization. The principle point of this paper is to plan the brilliant home machine control in light of web and Wi-Fi innovation. In this paper, Wi-Fi based machine control is utilized, so client can control the apparatus in indoor and outside area. In past framework one and only individual might control the home machine however in the present framework any one might control the apparatus. It encourages the altering location of force of power meter, if the force robbery is identified every one of the apparatuses will be ended by ending the heap from substation side.

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