To our knowledge this paper presents the first study on the persistent photoconductivity behavior of hydrogen-terminated type-IIa diamond in the presence of a surface conductivity, particularly in exploringthe effect of temperature. Photoconductivity measurements were performed in vacuum over a range of sample temperatures, and with a variety of photo excitation sources of varying wavelength in addition to the transport measurements on the van der Pauw devices. From the determination of the hole sheet density, the position of the Fermi energy level, with respect to the valence band maximum was determined to be between -0.18 eV and -0.22 eV. The trap states that are responsible for photo-excitation in the diamond band gap is within about 2.4 eV of the valence band maximum. It is found that there was no significant difference in the levels of excited photocurrent for devices with optically exposed and shielded metal contacts, confirming that the photo-effects observed arise in the diamond. Our interpretation suggests an evolution from a slowly decaying process dominated by the photoexcitation and spatial separation of electrons in the near-surface regime at high temperature to a faster decay process dominated by charge trapping by boron acceptors in the bulk at low temperature. Temperature dependent transport measurements showed that our samples became more resistive, with a concurrent decrease in measured hole sheet density, as the temperature was reduced, consistent with carrier freeze out at low temperatures due to a degree of surface disorder that has been reported extensively for all but the highest quality hydrogenated diamond surfaces.

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In this paper, a prototype design and implementation of the microcontroller based three-phase six switches square wave inverters for photovoltaic generation is proposed. The inverter is employed into 1200 and 1800 conduction modes respectively for three-phase induction motor. The system is built in the small-scale prototype and tested by performing the simulation in the PSIM. The results indicate that the proposed method is very effective and feasible to be implemented on fundamental frequency switching.

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Mobile WiMAX is a technology which bridges the gap among fixed and mobile access and show the similar subscriber experience for fixed and mobile user, also fast-growing broadband access mechanism which supports low-cost mobile applications. Mobile WiMAX is a technology based on IEEE 802.16 standard advanced as an achievable and attractive key to these problems. It provides integration Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) structures with fast connection. The chosen of a suitable routing protocol is key issue scheming a scalable and effective wireless networks. Nevertheless, the problems happen in message delivering for dynamic WiMAX. In this paper, the performance of the Mobile WIMAX has been studied in different situations using QualNet simulator on two routing protocol namely Dynamic Manet on Demand (DYMO) routing Protocol and Optimized Link State (OLSR) Routing Protocol. The results show that DYMO protocols in performs better than OLSR in different quality of service (QoS).

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Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) is applicable in wide variety of engineering applications due to their attractive and superior properties. However inspite of these properties, they are considered as difficult-to-machine materials because of low heat dissipation, greater tool wear, higher residual stress after machining, severe microstructure alteration and poor surface quality. Hence an attempt has been made to study the statistics and surface metallurgy during electric discharge machining of Ti-6Al-4V in this present paper. The current interest of this paper is to determine the optimum machining conditions for Ti-6Al-4V using statistical tool on Material removal rate (MRR) and Electrode wear (EW) by varying Peak Current (A), Pulse on time (µs), Pulse off time (µs) and spark gap (mm) based on Taguchi's design of experiments and generation of second order model for MRR using Response Surface Methodology. Finally layer formation, surface metallurgy and electrode wear during machining of Ti-6Al-4V has been investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy dispersive spectrometer.

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The refrigeration industry is an indispensable field in our everyday life and needs continuous research. Since the refrigerator consumes a large amount of power in the home, it needs to improve the efficiency of the compressor. In this paper, a numerical analysis is carried out using 3D valve model to investigate the performance change of refrigerator according to suction orifice position. As a result, it has been found that as the suction orifice is located farther from the center, the cooling capacity becomes greater and the EER also higher.

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Tool failure is a major and undesirable occurrence affecting the overall operating cost and time as the machining needs to be done once again to fix the mistake. Therefore, this paper introduced an efficient and inexpensive way to overcome the problem by developing tool wear monitoring system using Macro-Fibre Composite (MFC) sensor via alternative statistical signal analysis method, namely Integrated Kurtosis-based Algorithm for Z-notch filter (I-kazTM). A piece of MFC sensor amplified by a power module was mounted on a tool holder in the turning machine to capture vibration signal data using data-logger while cutting the workpiece. The operation ran continuously until criteria of 0.3 mm tool wear achieved with the help of a microscope for wear measurement. The machining was set at 250 and 300 m/min of cutting speeds, while the feed and depth of cut were kept constant at 0.25 mm/rev and 0.12 mm respectively. The raw data were then extracted and observed in time and frequency domain before statistically analysed as soon as the experiment finished. The reliability of I-kazTM method was made to the test by performing correlation with the wear progression data using regression analysis to derive the best equation model and comparing it with one of the global statistical features, namely root means square (rms). The final result indicated that the measured tool wear directly proportional to I-kaz coefficient, where the increment of wear progression increasing the I-kaz coefficient value. It came with the best fit of quadratic polynomial regression models, producing acceptable correlation of determination, R2 of 0.83 and 0.93 while rms having lower values of 0.65 and 0.83. The outcome of the result also showed that the proposed study of using I-kazTM to analyse the vibration signal from MFC sensor was much more reliable than the rms feature. It can be used to monitor tool wear efficiently with 1.8 to 15.9 % of error using I-kazTM while the latter showed a higher percentage of error from 3.4 to 30.1 which nearly as twice as higher.

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A computer program had been developed for aone-dimensional, orthogonal collocation model of a packed bed heat storage system. The system comprised of a cylindrical storage tank filled with phase change material (PCM) encapsulated in spherical containers. This paper also presented the thermal performance simulation of packed bed heat storage system using PCM during charging and discharging process. Paraffin wax was chosen as PCM, and air was chosen as heat transfer fluid (HTF).The enthalpy method was used in the model to accommodate the phase change behavior of PCM over a range of temperature. It was shown that the governing equations were two energy conservation equations written for HTF and PCM. Both governing equations were numerically solved by applying orthogonal collocation approach implemented using MATLAB. The results obtained by solving the model using the orthogonal collocation method were initially validated with experimental results in the literature. The model covered through-flow conditions for charging and discharging the thermal heat storage within the air. In this paper, the complete computational model was simplified and efficient enough to interface with a larger program simulating a heat storage system. The simulations were conducted in order to derive the temperature profiles of HTF and PCM as well as to estimate the time required to complete charging and discharging of PCM.

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Text classification is the basis step for developing intelligent information systems such as language identification, biography generation, authorship verification, content filtering, search personalization, product classification, sentiment analysis, detection of malicious activities, patent classification and opinion mining. From early 90’s various machine learning approaches have been applied to text classification. Document representation is the process of converting raw documents into a set of features that shall be fed into machine learning algorithms. Features for applying machine learning algorithms to text corpus shall be words, n-grams (phrases) or synsets. Distribution of features in a document is also important for deciding their importance. In this research, a MapReduce based bag of phrases representation is used for classifying text using Naïve Bayes Classifier. The proposed feature selection algorithm is converted to MapReduce programming model and the results are discussed. Precision and recall are metrics that are used in this research to compare the results. It has been observed that bag of phrases representation gives better accuracy for technical documents and including distributional features improves the accuracy of the classifier.

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In one-dimension (1D), we build synthetic seismograms to visualize the effect of reservoir parameter based on Ganley method. The effects such as absorption, dispersion, and attenuation are combined in the complex wave number. The attenuation effects are calculated from the wave number of Biot’s equation, and the Futterman’s absorption-dispersion equations are used. The Geertsma and Smit relationship is implemented to the model permeability determining. The reservoir of a porous medium has a significant effect on the frequency dependence of attenuation even in the frequency content for a surface seismic wave. The frequency spectrums of propagation wave in a porous medium can show the frequency-shift that caused by reservoir attenuation system, and the synthetic seismograms may be used to test any inversion method of reservoir parameters.

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People suffering from quadriplegia are unable to use both their hands and their legs. In such a scenario, they are dependent on others to move them around which results in a loss in their self-confidence. The only movements they are able to achieve are their heads and therefore their eyes. This paper leverages this movement of the eye and implements a method to track the movement of the eye to automatically control a wheelchair. A vision based system is utilized here, wherein the web-camera of the laptop is utilized to acquire images of the patient. By implementing the Viola Jones algorithm, the eyes of the patient are detected. Using MATLAB, these images undergo various morphological processes and on further analysis eye movements are tracked to determine in which direction the wheelchair is to be moved. These signals are then sent to the Arduino which forwards it on to the DC motors via the L293D IC.

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Due to inherent dynamicity of nodes in Ad-hoc networks, it requires continuous re-broadcasting from one node to another to calculate best route from source to destination. In this paper, we have introduced a novel approach that performs zone based smart re-broadcasting and thereby reduces the flooding of data and energy consumption. Further, this method was combined with location estimation algorithm. Although, Zone-Based Optimal Selective Forwarding (ZBOSF) gives superior results compare to conventional routing protocols but estimated location is not precise. Therefore, to achieve efficient localization and at the same time to keep the energy consumption low we have coalesced DV-distance algorithm for location estimation with ZBOSF. As distance estimations become more correct DV-Distance method provides more accurate position information. Hence, we used Received Signal Strength based DV-distance because of its more accurate distance estimations. Localization with received signal strength (RSS)-based DV-distance not only provides more accurate position information but also eliminates the need for additional hardware.

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The purpose of this article is to introduce reverse engineering procedure (REP). It can achieved by developing an industrial mechanical product that had no design schemes throughout the 3D–Scanners. The aim of getting a geometric CAD model from 3D scanner is to present physical model. Generally, this used in specific applications, like commercial plan and manufacturing tasks. Having a digital data as stereolithography (STL) format. Converting the point cloud be can developed as a work in programming by producing triangles between focuses, a procedure known as triangulation. Then it could be easy to manufacture parts unknown documentation and transferred the information to CNC-machines. In this work, modification was proposed and used in RE program, which is from CAD-CAM software’s that used to redesign and modify on point of cloud in 3D modeling. This paper presents reverse engineering (RE) of the flange of water pump. Used mechanical and damaged parts have been selected which had as holes, slots, groove that are considered complex parts in RE to reach a match between original and tradition parts after manufacturing.

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The article is focused on the study of shock-wave processes in the combustion chamber on the basis of the ion current signal analysis. The possibility of detecting shock waves and estimating their intensity in the combustion chamber from the ion current signal is theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved. A criterion of the non-knock combustion process is given. It is based on spectral power density function analysis of the detected ion current signal. The proposed method for calculating the perturbations of the ion current signal in the shock wave processes is based on calculation of the fundamental and multiple harmonics of the standing wave packet arising in the combustion chamber during knock. The calculation of harmonics for standing waves which is based on the calculation of the conditions for the existence of standing waves and it takes into account the geometric dimensions of the combustion chamber and the velocity of propagation of shock waves. The spectral power density function of the detected ion current signal is calculated to study shock-wave processes. The obtained function of test signal calculation is approximated by a polynomial of the second degree. To estimate the energy of the shock wave packet, the function of the approximating polynomial is subtracted from the spectral power density function of the detected ion current signal. The energy of shock waves is estimated as the sum of the difference in areas under the test and calculated functions in the range of frequencies of standing waves existence calculated for a given combustion chamber. The results of an estimate of the knock intensity of four-stroke internal combustion engine with a combustion chamber diameter of 82 mm are given as an example.

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This paper presents the results of the study concerning the mapping of the spatio-temporal evolution of the land cover based on the remote sensing data (satellite images) over a period starting from 2004 to 2014 on one hand, and the erosion process modeling on the other hand using the Universal Soil Loss Equation. The Ouergha watershed with an area of 6190 Km2 and elongated in an east/west direction, is characterized by a slope oscillating between 0 and 72 °. Erosivity Factor R varies between 66, 7 and 130, soil erodibility factor varies between 0.2 and 0.55, topographic factor LS varies between 0 and more than 100. The superposition of the different maps obtained by analyzing these parameters, has made it possible to deduce the global erosion map from which it appears that the phenomenon of erosion affects the entire Ouergha watershed but to different degrees, With 45% of the watershed's area subject to an erosion between 50 and 300 t/ha /year recorded in the entire watershed's area. The highest value of more than 200 t/ha/year is observed in the eastern half of the basin.

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In the event of a major submarine earthquake, not only severe ground shaking but also high tsunami waves are expected causing a significant threat to coastal structures and community. Tsunami forces on structures mainly depend upon the configuration of the structure, tsunami run-up heights and soil conditions. In the present study, two structures; one a conventional school building and the other an elevated water tank with typical configuration of slender staging and top heavy mass, are chosen for the analysis. Lateral loads at different floor levels of the building and water tank are worked out for different tsunami heights using the guidelines provided by Harry Hey et al. Spring constants of different soils are determined using the formulae developed by Whitman and Richart. Base shears and displacements are obtained when these structures rest on different types of soils and the results are compared with the values obtained when the structure is assumed to be fixed at the base. Assuming linear elastic behavior, SAP 2000 software is used for the analysis. From the result analysis, it is observed that the time period of slender structures (water tank) is more compared to stiff structures (Building) and these time periods decreases with increase of soil stiffness. It is further observed that, base shears increase with increase of soil stiffness and displacements decrease with increase of both structure as well as soil stiffness.

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The surface river water quality in Banjarmasin city tends to decline constantly as the result of direct and indirect waste disposal from various human activities along the river body. This study aimed to determine the vulnerability points against pollution in the rivers of Banjarmasin using clustering techniques with K-means algorithm. The parameters observed include Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspend Solid (TSS) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). The data were collected at eight water monitoring stations on various rivers in Banjarmasin city. With the K-means method, four water quality status were clustered. The result showed that 6 stations observed during the period April to October 2016 were categorized into the heavy polluted cluster with major pollution point of sources came from the domestic and industrial activities.

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Associative classification (AC) is an approach in data mining that utilizes the technique of association rule discovery to learn classifier. In recent decade, associative classification algorithms persuaded to be a noteworthy technique in creating accurate classification systems. Yet, development of new methods or implementing upgraded trends in systems would enhance the performance of current AC techniques. This paper focuses on lazy associative classification using different attribute ranking mechanism. Experimental result of the proposed system is visibly positive in comparison to the traditional and existing associative classification methods.

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Pattern Deploying Methods performed good in discovering knowledge. These methods have given accurate results. Still it is observed that few of discovered patterns are holding noise knowledge instead of required and low frequency problem of long patterns. Hence we focused on perfect evaluation of discovered patterns by adapting the concepts of Deployed Pattern Evaluation (DPE) and Individual Pattern Evaluation (IPE). We used closed sequential algorithms to use the semantic information in the patterns to improve the performance and for accurate term weights we used d-patterns which use the evaluations of term weights based on the distribution of terms in documents. In this paper, terms are weighted according to their appearances in discovered closed patterns. Pattern Classification Models (PCM) Pattern Deploying Methods (PDS) resolved some extent the problems with low-frequency patterns. But still there is gap of pattern usage effectively can be resolved by our new approach. We also concentrated on ambiguous patterns influences in the documents. We made an analysis in comparison of other algorithms and methods hence our approach proved better.

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Several environmental and health problems caused by industrial and domestic wastewater were identified scientifically decades. Slaughterhouses are probably typical example of those industries where water is used for washing by-products (offal) and the disposal of waste (feces, debris paunch and blood). Our main objective is to characterize the wastewater from the municipal slaughterhouse in the city of Rabat, in order to recommend appropriate treatment to their reuse, reducing their impact on the receiving environment (the Atlantic coast) and enjoy this rich water source into reusable materials. The physicochemical characterization of raw sewage revealed significant organic matter load varying between 668 mg/L and 1203 mg/L. The SM concentration wastewaters analyzed vary between 603 mg/L and 1068 mg/l with an average of 835 mg/L. The temperature of the water remains below 30°.The pH is relatively neutral, whereas the electrical conductivity varies between 590 µs/cm and 1910 µs/cm. The turbidity varies between 590 and 1384 NTU. The mean levels of nitrates and Orthophosphates respectively of the order of 2.65 mg / Let 0.1mg/L. This wastewater has a high organic load in terms of COD that varies between 960 and 2018 mg O2/l and BOD5 fluctuates between 470 and 960 mg O2/l. However the COD/BOD5=2.20, indicating a satisfactory biodegradability of these releases. Biological treatment therefore seems entirely appropriate to their reuse one hand and reducing their impact on the receiving environment (the Atlantic coast). Analysis of heavy metals from wastewater from the slaughterhouse of Rabat, show relatively low concentrations do not exceed 0.5 mg/L. These values meet Moroccan standards of water quality for irrigation.

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Socio-Economic development of any country depends on Availability of Electric Power and Per capita energy consumption of that country. Availability of Electric Power depends on one of the factor is pumping capacity of the power to the end users i.e. transmission capacity. Hence it shows the importance of transmission lines in any country. Therefore, planning of transmission lines plays key role in maintaining sufficient power in any country and also planning of transmission lines plays vital role in having stable and reliable power supply. Transmission Expansion Planning (TEP) has to be prepared by analyzing various scenarios and contingencies. TEP is prepared in this paper by considering load growth as well as generation growth. It is required to consider both economical and technical criteria’s for better TEP. TEP is prepared in this paper for IEEE 24 bus Reliability Test System (RTS) using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA). The Results obtained for TEP using above said methods are compared.

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Web application performance testing is the emerging and most important field of software engineering. The performances of the web applications depends upon several different type of the testing process like load testing, soak testing, smoke testing and stress testing. The load testing is used in this paper to determine how the web application behaves under varying load. In this paper the Multi Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) proposed to optimize the server behavior for improving the performance in the web application. The MOPSO select the more number of server behavior such as work load, CPU, bandwidth, throughput, response time, hits per second, database locks, thread count, number of position in the service queue, round trip time, server mean service time. The optimized server parameter tested with JMeter performance tools which return the better services to the user. The result shows that MOPSO increase the performance of the web application in terms of less workload, maximum CPU utilization, less bandwidth and less response time.

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Feature selection helps to improve prediction quality, reduce the computation time, complexity of the model and build models that are easily understandable. Feature selection removes the irrelevant and redundant features and selects the relevant and useful features that provide an enhanced classification results as the original data. This research work analysis the performance of the clustering and genetic algorithm based feature selection (CLUST-GA-FS) algorithm. The proposed algorithm CLUST-GA-FS has three stages namely irrelevant feature removal, redundant feature removal, and optimal feature generation. The algorithm involves removing the irrelevant features, removing redundant features by constructing a minimum spanning tree, splitting the minimum spanning tree into cluster, finding the representative feature from each cluster and finally finding the optimal set of features using genetic algorithm. CLUST-GA-FS algorithm is compared with the existing filter feature selection methods Fast correlation based feature selection (FCBF), Correlation based feature selection (CFS), Information gain (Infogain) and ReliefF. The work uses three microarray dataset Leukemia, Colon and Arcene that are high dimensional.

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The best selection of residential air conditioner require consumers to justify the advantages of any potential model over other potential models. The payback period (PP) analysis between possible potential models can be used as a indicator for consumers to justify which type and model they should choose. This report presents an analysis to investigate the PP between inverter and non-inverter split type air-conditioners for household application. The selected air conditioners used in this study are from 1.5 horse power inverter and non-inverter types spilt unit, residential air conditioner. The mathematical model of economic analysis is developed based on proposed model developed by previous researches. The operating cost for each air conditioner are determined from the data provided by the manufacturer. In this analysis, the increment of percentage on energy saving, hours of daily operation and decrement of interest rate reduce the PP of inverter type split unit air conditioner compared to non-inverter type. It is found that an inverter type air conditioner with highest energy saving of 65% has shortest PP of only 3.42 years, followed by an inverter air-conditioner with highest operating time of 12 hours per day (3.75 years), and an inverter air-conditioner with lowest interest rate of 1% (4.33 years). Meanwhile, the service work at the middle of unit’s life time (month 90) has no effect on its PP. In short, the percentage of energy saving has dominant effect on PP followed by the effect of operating hours per day and rate of interest.

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With the evolution of Internet of Things, the concept of smart cities has gained popularity in the recent times. IoT can help maximize the productivity and reliability of urban infrastructure by addressing problems such as traffic congestion, limited car parking facilities and road safety. In this paper, we present NFC based Smart Parking System that solves the current parking problems by offering guaranteed parking reservations with the lowest possible cost and searching time for drivers. The customer needs to install the ParkZapp application beforehand. By using the mobile app, the customer may reserve parking lot in advance. Instead of using the conventional ticket, ParkZapp uses the NFC function of smartphone or NFC tag as a parking ticket. The customer only needs to tap the NFC tag on the designated reader to enter the car park and tap again on the way out to complete payment.

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This paper presents a high-efficiency and smooth transition buck-boost converter to extend the battery life of portable devices. The operation time of portable devices decreases significantly with their increasing functions. This problem could be solved by using a non-inverting buck-boost DC-DC converter. Therefore, over a wide input voltage range, the proposed buck-boost converter which has only two switches instead of four power switches is used, to reduce conduction and switching losses. Especially, the proposed buck-boost converter offers good line/load regulation and thus provides a smooth and stable output voltage when the battery voltage decreases. Simulation results show that the output voltage drops is very small during the whole battery life time and the output transition is very smooth during the mode transition by the proposed buck- boost control scheme.

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Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are self constructive multihop unguided network in which the configuration of network varies. This is primarily due to movability of nodes. The node behaves like host as well as routers in the network. MANETs do not have a specific framework as the source node is not the extent of the goal node to transfer the packets. Therefore a directing technique is needed to assist the source node to advance the packets across the hops to reach the goal node. There are several routing algorithms like topology-based, Hierarchical, position-based routing algorithms are available in the literature. In this paper, we present a comprehensive and proportional analysis of these algorithms to help the researchers for the development of new routing algorithms.

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The increasing adoption of the mobile device and widely use of application of Android operating system has provided a significant boost to use mobile as a platform for providing healthcare services. As the implement of health application in Android platform is costless and convenient has motivate the increasingly develop of health care application in mobile devices. This paper presents the development of obesity-care application for the Android Platform which can be used effectively in mobile devices. The obesity-care application will obtain the age, gender, weight and height of the user as the input of the system. Next, physical condition (underweight, normal and overweight) and suggestion of calories intake are given to the user to enhance the awareness of public on obesity issue. Further study and efforts is necessary to be undertaken to improve and discover the usefulness and effectiveness of health care application in android system.

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Several computational techniques are proved to be efficient in computing the disparity of the stereo images. These are responsible for the change detection in the several applications. On the line, it is observed that a thorough analysis in terms of its performance is necessary for such stereo images. In this paper, conventional computing techniques like Normalised Cross Correlation (NCC), Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) and Sum of Squared Differences (SSD) are considered for analysis. The standard image of Teddy is used for the analysis and the computation is carried out in MATLAB. Implementation and computation of the image disparity using these three computing techniques are performed and analyzed.

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The purpose of this paper is to present the development of a PID auto-tuner algorithm based on specifications, which is generally valid for several processes. Based on prior art results, the rationale follows the principles of approximating the closed loop response to a second order transfer function. However, it is shown that the derived algorithm is generally valid and can work well on several examples which are much more complex than second order systems.

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Early diagnosis is the most important key to detect breast cancer and ensure a fast and effective treatment in order to reduce women mortality. This paper proposes a new UWB antenna design for biomedical applications, especially for breast cancer detection. Some new techniques are applied to the antenna in order to achieve a broad bandwidth, high gain and to improve some understanding of the antenna characteristics. The UWB antenna is printed on the FR-4 substrate with thickness of 1.58 mm and relative permittivity ?r=4.3, operating in the range of 2.96–10.68 GHz. Parametric studies of the proposed antenna are provided. All numerical simulations are performed using two different electromagnetic solvers.

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In this research used MgO powder have been particles size = 0.241 = 10.23 µm while particles size of cement was = 2.38 = 28.988 µm. MgO powder adding to the mixtures with ratios (1, 2, 3 and 4) % by weight of cement. Specimens were treatment by autoclave and conducted compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and absorption tests. Results showed that the best ratio when adding 2% MgO powder by weight of cement, where the rate of increase in compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity at age 28 day were (148.76 and 59.57)% compared to the reference mixture also (81.57 and 21.1)% compared to the mixture containing the 4% super plasticizer DCP200 respectively. In addition to that get decrease in rate of absorption where the percentage of decrease at age 28 day was 80.95% with respect to the reference mixture and 47.83% with respect to the mixture containing the 4% super plasticizer DCP200.

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A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) system allows one to communicate without any overt muscle movement. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the most popular techniques to record brain activity. This paper proposes the multi-level voting method to classify brain activity depicting different types of imagery motor activity (Left Hand Movement, Right Hand Movement, Left Leg Movement and Right Leg Movement). The features were calculated using cross correlation. For multi-class classification, one verses rest approach was used. Four sets of classifiers were trained for each of the EEG channels and majority vote was calculated to get final class designation. The average classification accuracy of 86% was obtained.

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Distribution network consists of several feeders with many switches. The feeder lines are often cut accidentally by heavy equipment, natural disaster or intentional attacks, which causes blackouts along affected feeders. Therefore, by applying service restoration via network reconfiguration, it will able to revive as many loads as possible by transferring loads in inoperative areas to another distribution feeder via changing the switches status and will help to protect the load and overcome blackout to the consumers. Hence, distribution system must be properly equipped and planned so that consumers will get an uninterrupted supply of power without interruption due to out of service area. The main idea of this technique is to alter the network topology by changing the switches state on the feeders. Therefore, an optimization method which is known from the foraging behavior of honey bee swarm called as Improve Artificial Bee Colony (IABC) has been introduced. The main objectives of this study are to restore blackout area distribution network by changing the appropriate switches state on the distribution feeders with the proper size of DG while reducing power losses by employing improved ABC algorithm in distribution network reconfiguration. The study has been tested with IEEE-33 bus system by using the simulation in MATLAB environment. Based on the results achieved, can be concluded that network configuration without service restoration produce more power losses and out of service area. However, when service restoration is applied, it shows a reduction of power losses compared to the other cases and it able to restore as many loads as possible by the changes of the switching. Furthermore, by considering DG with DNR simultaneously has surely contributed to the tremendous power loss reduction in the network distribution system.

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In the present work, both analytical and practical methods are employed, in order to find a relation between time and frequency parameters of transfer functions: Overshoot, Phase Margin, Crossover frequency, and Bandwidth frequency. The final aim it to contribute to the design of a novel PID auto-tuner for cases where the existing auto-tuning strategies have a poor performance.

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In general, every project has risk including the subsea pipelines construction project. This project leads to many risks. The highest risk of this project was in construction and operation level. The aim of this research is to identify, to assess, to mitigate, and to monitor the evaluation of risk management implementation of the subsea pipelines construction project. Risks are required to be managed. The risk management was integrated by continuous improvement concept using DELPHI method, FMECA, DNV RP F107, and PDCA. First step, PLAN, Data was collected from field by using questionnaire. It was also done by data collecting sourced from Marine Transportation Service Department, Balikpapan, Indonesia. The questionnaire was filled by expert respondents. The questionnaire was processed by achieving consensus in four times of Delphi method. Based on Delphi method, there were risk list that was successfully identified by expert judgment, and then the risk assessment was developed by FMECA. Second step, DO, FMECA was done to calculate Risk Potential Number and how much the impact of the risk was. The RPN value was used to classify the risk into major, moderate and minor classes. Third step, CHECK, Risk Mitigation was developed based on Det Norsk Veritas Recommended Practice F107 analysis. Last step, ACT, Mitigation and monitoring evaluation of this project goal was done. The total risk number of Delphi Method was 14 risks classified into 6 major risks, 6 moderate risks, and 2 minor risks. The risks were mitigated to lower the impacts. Based on control questionnaire result, risk impact value could be reduced into 2 minor risks. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of risk mitigation was still done in order to achieve the goal. At the end of this research, risk impact has reduced from $ 8.700.000 to $ 24.750 and this number, equal to 99% efficiency.

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Authentication and digital signatures need to be done to identify each other in communication, the Schnorr scheme algorithm is an algorithm that can be used for authentication and digital signatures, this paper provides an understanding of how authentication and digital signatures work to make it easier for readers to know the application Schnorr algorithm on information security process, and the result show the message was more secure from any attacker.

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This paper proposes source encryption and channel encryption of input data sets to improve the data security in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). It is the implementation of honey encryption for the information bits as a source encryption and includes Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) for the honey encrypted data to perform Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) as a channel encryption and the output of FHSS is propagated with the help of Frequency Hopping Multiple Access (FHMA) in WSN. So, it is impossible to intrude through channel by the hackers and also there are no possibilities to detect or decode the information by Brute force attack because of honey encryption. It provides dual security to protect the information.

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The advantages of wood as a building material were listed, the main structures of frame-shaped wooden buildings were mentioned. Various types of lattice racks, important problems related to the design and manufacture of interfaces for these structures were considered. The ways of increasing the strength and reliability of the nodes of mating wooden lattice racks were indicated. Two types of claw washers are considered as connectors of not only the nodes of the interface of wooden lattice racks, but also for sealing the branches of wooden structures of the main racks of the frame in the foundation, a variant of such connection was proposed and an example of calculation was given. Materials for the study were two options for attaching a wooden shim to the branch of the main post: the first one - on bolts; the second - on the claw connectors of two types. The required number of connectors was calculated for each variant. The calculation showed that claw connectors of the type C1 and C8 have a greater load-bearing capacity than a bolted connection with a diameter of 16 mm, as a result of the research it was established that the use of claw connectors reduces the material consumption of the structure, provides strength, rigidity and operational reliability of the connection.

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Finite element analysis was used in this study to analyze dynamically the stability of a pipe which is stiffened by linear spring and conveying an internal flow of fluid. Several effective parameters play an important role in stabilizes the system, such as stiffness addition. The effect of stiffness addition (linear spring) and effect of spring location with different diameter ratio were studied. Also, effect of the velocity of flowing on the dynamic stability of the system was taken into the consideration. There is a spring constant at which the dynamic behavior becomes more sensitive and the spring offers best results for frequency of the system. Results show that the best spring’s locations depend on the spring’s constant and velocity of flowing.

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