ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences                         ISSN 1819-6608
   
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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences         December 2011 | Vol. 6  No. 12
   
Title:

A novel scheme for detecting and preventing spoofed IP access on network using IP2HP filter

Author (s):

N. Arumugam and C. Venkatesh

Abstract:

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks presents a serious problem for internet communications. It simply floods the link of the victim server with a large amount of packets leading to a high rate of packet drops for legitimate users. In general DoS attacks are not exposed, but the threat is common. The problem is aggravated when the attackers spoof their IP addresses. Defense against IP spoofing is a dominant and many approaches that could diminished the spoofing problem. Since the destination based forwarding paradigm of the Internet Protocol, IP address spoofing is both simple and very effective in evading both prevention and detection. The straightforward method of installing simple filters without proper validation at border routers is rendered inefficient by IP spoofing. The attacker can choose randomly an IP address as the source for different packets and thus make the detection method infeasible. Therefore, detecting and preventing packets with spoofed source address has been actively pursued in the research community. Many existing solutions to this problem are IP trace back, packet marking, authentication methods etc. Among these, this paper proposes a solution based on request verification cum filtering technique near the victim server.

 
 
 
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Title:

Implementation of combined traffic assignment and control framework based regional model for the Wasatch front region

Author (s):

Muhammad Farhan and Peter T. Martin

Abstract:

The regional travel demand models are generally macroscopic in nature and do not include traffic controls in the traffic assignment process. In travel demand models, the road capacities are kept fixed within the functional classification of roadways and free-flow-speeds are adjusted to accommodate the impacts of traffic controls and traffic operations. Part of the reason this approach is adopted in travel demand models is there macroscopic application, where the focus is extensively on the region wide results for transportation planning. While there are advantages in using this approach, the cost is usually paid in “lost capacity on projects” due to the absence of traffic operations in modeling; more precisely the absence of traffic controls tend to present partially skewed output from the travel models. Combined Traffic Assignment and Control models can address this issue by including the impacts of traffic controls in the modeling process. This paper evaluates the benefits of combined traffic assignment and control modeling framework implemented on a regional scale compared to a traditional four step regional travel demand model. The study quantifies the benefits in terms of providing network travel time information to drivers to make route choice in comparison to improving the traffic controls on a large regional network (on a mesoscopic level). Several experiments were performed on a study area using Static Traffic Assignment (STA) and Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) with fixed and vehicle-actuated controls. The study area network is a regional transportation network for the Wasatch Front Region in Utah. The results suggest that if implemented on regional travel models, the CTAC framework can help reduce the VMT and reduce regional delays by over 6%. Further studies are needed to expand on this idea with multimodal modeling and testing on other regional networks.

 
 
 
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Title:

Strength of corrugations of a roofing sheets reinforced with sisal fibres

Author (s):

G. Ramakrishna, T. Sundararajan and S. Kothandaraman

Abstract:

Most of the corrugated roofing sheets have damaged due to tearing out at its corrugations by high wind loads and impact loads. The strength of these corrugations can be improved with fibre reinforcement, as the fibres are the crack arresters and absorbs energy. In this paper natural fibre namely sisal fibres are used as reinforcement in cement matrices for producing corrugated roofing sheets has been investigated and reported. Flyash- based sisal fibre roofing sheets were cast manually and the strength of the corrugations of the above composite sheets in terms splitting, due to direct and impact loads, were experimentally evaluated. It is found that the strength towards splitting of corrugations of the flyash based sisal fibre corrugated roofing sheets due to direct and impact loads was improved as compared to the corrugated sheets without sisal fibres. Also it is observed that flyash based sisal fibre reinforced sheets are comparable to the splitting of corrugations due to direct and impact loads of a commercial roofing sheet, available in India.

 
 
 
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Title:

Risk based assessment for offshore jacket platform in Niger delta, Nigeria (corrosion and fatigue hazards)

Author (s):

M. A. Salau, D. E. Esezobor and M. F. Omotoso

Abstract:

Offshore structures are imperative for uninterrupted crude oil production which is the main stay of Nigerian economy. Fatigue and corrosion have been identified to be the most prevalent structural hazards in offshore environment. Jacket platform may be exposed to certain seawater wave which often leads to structural failure, particularly when the platform is subjected to corrosion and fatigue hazards. Therefore, corrosion and fatigue damage requires detail evaluation to prevent jacket platform from untimely failure. Risk based assessment method has been identified as the appropriate tool to determine the risk levels associated with component damages acted upon by several hazards with different scenarios. The results of this work revealed that simultaneously corroded and fatigued components exhibit unacceptable risk level and is the appropriate limiting damage scenario for marine structures underwater inspection. This technique is proved to be accurate and the most appropriate procedure for management of hazards, safety and environmental protection.

 
 
 
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Title:

Investigation of local polymer (cassava starches) as a substitute for imported sample in viscosity and fluid loss control of water based drilling mud

Author (s):

Ademiluyi Taiwo, Joel O. F. and Amuda A. Kazeem

Abstract:

Comparative study of local polymer (cassava) with an imported type in controlling viscosity and fluid loss in water-based mud was investigated in this study. Five different cassava starches were tested as viscosifiers and fluid loss control additives in water based mud and compared with Barazan D, an imported sample. Experimental results indicated that at same concentration, the imported sample had higher rheological properties compared with the local samples. However, some of the newly developed local starch products (with high amylose content and high water absorption capacity) have similar or better filtration control properties than the imported sample. Although the viscosity of the drilling fluid produced from the local starches were lower than that of the imported type, with proper quality control efforts of the local samples, they could be used as a substitute for imported grade for exploration and exploitation of oil and gas in Nigeria. It is also hoped that this work will open new market for non-food use of starches from cassava and thus expected to provide economic benefit to Nigerian farmers and a way forward to actualize vision 20-2020 agenda.

 
 
 
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Title:

Three phase fault diagnosis based on RBF neural network optimized by PSO algorithm

Author (s):

M. Sivakumar and R. M. S. Parvathi

Abstract:

The present paper proposes a fault diagnosis methodology of three phase inverter circuit base on radial basis function (RBF) artificial neural network trained by particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Using the appropriate stimulus signal, fault features are extracted from efficient points in frequency response of the circuit directly, and then a fault dictionary is created by collecting signatures of different fault conditions. Trained by the examples contained in the fault dictionary, the RBF neural network optimized by PSO has been demonstrated to provide robust diagnosis to the difficult problem of soft faults in three phase inverter circuits. The experimental result shows that the proposed technique is succeeded in diagnosing and locating faults effectively.

 
 
 
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Title:

Analytical investigation of prestressed concrete structures incorporating combined post-tensioned and post-compressed reinforcements

Author (s):

Adekunle Philips Adewuyi and Shodolapo Oluyemi Franklin

Abstract:

Although strengthening of structures by post-tensioning is much more common in practice, the authors did locate innovative literature on the theory and applications of post-compression which form the basis for this study. This work analytically assesses the behaviour and criteria for optimal performance of prestressed concrete structures under the combined actions of post-tensioning and post-compression. Magnel type diagrams are also developed to show the feasible solution regions for different loading conditions. The findings revealed that the prestressing forces in the post-tensioned tendons are independent of the eccentricity ratio, but increases perfectly curvilinearly up to prestressing ratio of 0.7 beyond which the technique becomes impracticable. On this basis, there is a realistic reduction of 50 percent in the eccentricity and possibly the overall depth of the concrete section over the conventional technique. This qualifies this structural innovation as a reliable candidate for long span structures.

 
 
 
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Title:

Variation of ultimate bearing capacity of unsaturated clay with suction

Author (s):

Anuchit Uchaipichat and Ekachai Man-koksung

Abstract:

A spread footing is sometimes selected for a shallow foundation design on clay layers. Its ultimate bearing capacity usually fluctuates with seasonal changes. Thus, a series of laboratory bearing tests was performed on compacted kaolin specimens with different values of matric suction, which relates to water content. The values of matric suction within the specimens were measured using the contact filter paper technique. All tests were performed after measurement of matric suction by penetrating the rod on the specimen surface until failure. The test results on the normal scale plot show an increase in ultimate bearing capacity with increasing matric suction for all ranges of suction. The increase rate is high at low suction range and decreases with increasing suction. In the semi-log scale plot, the curve of results can be divided into two parts at the point corresponding to the point separating saturated from unsaturated state.

 
 
 
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Title:

The effects of aspect ratio on heat transfer across air layers in a slot-ventilated wall cavity

Author (s):

Akin Odewole and Rodger Edwards

Abstract:

The effects of aspect ratio on heat transfer across air layers (Pr ≈ 0.71) in a slot-ventilated wall cavity were numerically studied in this paper for Rayleigh number, Raw in the range of 1.4x105 to 12.0x105 using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) methodology. Large horizontal aspect ratios of 40 and 60 for the wall cavities investigated enable a two-dimensional approximation to be employed in the study of the heat transfer characteristics of the air layers over a range of temperature that is representative of extreme winter and summer conditions in the study. Using the RANS-based methodology, a small temperature difference between the front and back wall of the cavity reduces the cost of heating required for remediating moisture and condensation in the wall cavity during the winter in contrast to transferring a similar amount of energy using a large temperature difference. A maximum deviation of about 5.11% obtained between the Nusselt number of the cavity flow at a vertical aspect ratio, of 40 and 60 shows that an increase in the vertical aspect ratio of the cavity does not significantly affect the heat transfer rate across the air layers.

 
 
 
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Title: The friction of different floor finish-reducing indoor slips and falls
Author (s): Yasser M. El-Sherbiny

Abstract:

Slips, and falls can happen in any part of the flat or home, but is more common on stairs and in the kitchens and bathrooms. The present paper investigates the friction between rubber and leather footwear on one side and different flooring materials on the other side. Ceramics, Concrete and Granite tiles are tested. Both dry and wet contamination agents are considered. The ultimate results are set limits and measures, for walking speeds and step size, which may guide the approach of reducing indoor slips and fall injuries.

 
 
 
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Title:

An efficient space-time coding for wireless communications with offset 4 - phase shift keying

Author (s):

S. Nagarani and C. V. Seshaiah

Abstract:

Channel Capacity has long been a block in wireless communications. Various approaches are present in the literatures which are very effective in enhancing signal reception quality in fading channels. Various multiple antenna approaches have been used in wireless communications to combat the fading effect, which enhances both the channel capacity and performance greatly. Transmit Antenna Selection (TAS) is a well-known approach to improve diversity in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication is. But the main drawback of TAS is that, it is very sensitive to feedback errors. Hence, Space-Time Coding (STC) is a communication approach for wireless systems that inhabit multiple transmit antennas and single or multiple receives antennas. In this paper, Space-Time coding (STC) is employed in MIMO signaling scheme which helps in providing better knowledge at the receiver and no knowledge at the transmitter. Space-time trellis codes, space-time block codes and Space-Time Differential Coding are the STCs used in this paper. In this approach, the performance of the STC code is improved by the proposed Extended Balanced Space-Time Block Codes (EBSTBC). Also, this paper uses Offset 4- Phase-Shift Keying (O4-PSK) instead of 4- Phase-Shift Keying (4-PSK). This will help in reducing the bit error rate. The experiment is done with different PSK and with different bit rates. When the frame error probability is evaluated, the proposed EBSTBC system shows lesser error probability when compared to the previous STC codes.

 
 
 
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Title:

Effects of thermal properties on temperature and moisture profiles and the performance of PCC pavements

Author (s):

Upender Kodide M.S.

Abstract:

To understand the effects of thermal properties on temperature and the moisture profile in Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements, an Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model (EICM) analysis was performed for a typical PCC pavement section in Louisiana. The EICM analysis showed that the temperature in the middle layer of PCC pavement decreased as thermal conductivity increased, and the temperature remained constant for higher thermal conductivity values. Temperature was measured at several depths of a concrete block embedded in soil and was compared to the temperature profile predicted by the EICM. Measured temperatures inside the concrete block were higher than the temperatures predicted by the EICM. The measured temperatures reached a peak hour temperature gradient on the hottest time of day, but the EICM model did not predict the peak hour temperature gradient. MEPDG analysis was performed to estimate the effect of thermal properties on the distress of PCC pavements. From the analysis it was found that thermal cracking increased with the decrease of thermal conductivity. It was also noticed that an Integrated Climatic Model (ICM) stability failure occurred for a set of thermal conductivity and heat capacity readings in the MEPDG analysis. A passing line is proposed to separate the ICM stability passing zone and failure zone.

 
 
 
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Title:

The effects of temperature and blending on the specific gravity and viscosity of Jatropha methyl ester

Author (s):

Kimilu R. K., Nyangaya J. A. and Onyari J. M.

Abstract:

The specific gravity and viscosity of biodiesel fuels are key properties in determining the suitability for use of such fuels in diesel engines. Though generally higher than those of #2 diesel fuel (DF2), they have been mostly reduced by blending with DF2 and preheating to achieve comparable values as DF2. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of temperature and blending on specific gravity and viscosity of Jatropha methyl ester, and also investigate the effect of modifying Clements blending equation by substituting volume fraction for mass fraction. Correlation models were developed to predict the variation of specific gravity and viscosity with both temperature and % biodiesel in a blend. Blends of Jatropha methyl ester (JME) and DF2 on volume basis were prepared and investigated in the temperature range 15-60°C together with the pure fuels. Blends B20, B35, B50 and B75 were made. Specific gravity was determined using specific gravity method whereas viscosity was evaluated was determined using the Ostwald viscometer. Specific gravity of JME was found to be generally 4.83% higher than that of DF2. Blending with DF2 lowered the specific gravity significantly, and a correlation model was developed for use to approximate the specific gravity of any JME-DF2 fuel blend. Preheating the fuels lowered the specific gravity as temperature increased. Correlation models were developed to predict the specific gravity of the test fuels as function of both temperature and amount of JME in the blend. Calculating specific gravity using the Specific gravity blending equation proposed by Clements was found to give results within ± 0.5% of the measured values with mass fraction replaced by volume fraction. The viscosity of JME was found to be 42.09% higher than that of DF2. Blending with DF2 resulted in significant viscosity reduction, which varied linearly with the amount of DF2 in the blend. Correlation models were proposed to approximate the viscosity of any blend as a function temperature in the range from 15°C to 60°C, and as a function of % biodiesel. Results showed that blends with up to 50% JME conformed to both specific gravity and viscosity without need of preheating.

 
 
 
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Title:

Bending analysis of composite laminated plates using higher-order shear deformation theory with zig-zag function

Author (s):

T. Dharma Raju and J. Suresh Kumar

Abstract:

In this paper an analytical procedure is developed, to investigate the bending characteristics of laminated composite plates based on higher order shear displacement model with zig-zag function. This zig-zag function improves slope discontinuities at the interfaces of laminated composite plates. The equation of motion is obtained using the dynamic version of Hamilton’s principle. The solutions are obtained using Navier’s and numerical methods for anti-symmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminates with a specific type of simply supported boundary conditions SS-1 and SS-2 respectively. In this paper the Numerical results are presented for bending of anti-symmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminated plates. All the solutions presented are close agreement with the theory of elasticity and closed form solutions available in the literature.

 
 
 
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Title:

Review and modeling the methods of radius estimating techniques for horizontal curves

Author (s): Asma Th. Ibraheem and Waseem Wathiq Hammodat

Abstract:

The establishment of figures on the ground is an important task of the field surveyor, not only in engineering construction but also in cadastral surveying. It is a relatively easy task to peg out the boundary of a rectangular concrete slab, but considerably more difficult to establish the location of points along an elevated curved highway. Thus Radii measurements are important for many reasons such as: Setting curve advisory speeds; predicting vehicle operating speeds; Spacing curve delineation treatments such as post-delineators, chevrons, and raised retro reflective pavement markers; performing highway safety audits; and evaluating traffic crashes. Many groups, including transportation agencies, accident investigators, and transportation researchers, would find an accurate, quick, and safe method to estimate the radius of horizontal curves particularly useful. The present work explains the ten methods of estimating radius; a) Basic ball bank indicator (BBI), b) Advanced BBI, c) Chord length, d) Compass, e) Field survey, f) Global Positioning System (GPS) unit, g) Lateral acceleration, h) Plan sheet, i) Speed advisory plate and j) Vehicle yaw rate. Also each method was programmed as a software named RET (Radius Estimating Techniques). It represent of a collection of subroutines for each method. This program is written in Mathematical Computer Aided Design language (MCAD). It also includes a subroutine written in Visual BASIC language for calculating the super elevation of a designed or existing horizontal curves.

 
 
 
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Title:

Seismic strengthening of partially infill RC buildings using brick inserts- Experimental investigation on 3D model structure

Author (s):

R. Suresh Babu, R. Venkatsubramani and G. S. Venkatasubramani

Abstract:

In partially infill structures, columns with short gap will behave as short column during earthquake and attract larger forces due to inplane stiffness of the infills and can damage the column seriously due to excessive shear forces, which is known as captive column effect. Since it is complex to consider the contribution of strength and stiffness of these partial infills, structure is analysed and designed as bare frames. But actual structural behaviour for partial infill structures during earthquake is with captive column effect. One of the major failure of structure during earthquake is due to captive column effect. Several literature and research papers were published in the area of seismic strengthening of existing structures. To overcome this type of failure in the structure due to this effect, it should be ensure that the shear forces should flow smoothly by means of a strut action. This is achieved by inserting a brick masonry adjacent to columns in the partially infill areas in order to ensure shear flow is smooth and thus improving the lateral capacity of the structure. An experimental investigation was carried out in the ‘3D’ model structure to study the effect of this captive column effect and to reduce this effect by introducing brick insert adjacent to column face. This study clearly indicates that with the help of brick insert, captive column effect is reduced, lateral capacity increases and thus preventing critical damage to the structure by the seismic load during earthquake. A Comparative study was made between experimental and analytical method by using - ANSYS 10 and the values are found to be nearly equal.

 
 
 
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