| Title: |
Steady-state
modeling of n-butyl acetate transesterification process using
aspen plus: conventional versus integrated |
| Author (s): |
Abdulwahab
GIWA |
| Abstract: |
This work has
been carried out to compare the performances of conventional
system and integrated one using the transesterification
process between n-butanol and ethyl acetate for the production
of n-butyl acetate and ethanol as the case study. The
transesterification process was modeled using Aspen PLUS by
choosing the reaction involved as an equilibrium type and
using UNIQUAC model as the base property method. The reaction
was allowed to take place in a liquid phase at the atmospheric
pressure and a temperature of 75oC. The conventional system
consisted of a mixer, a reactor and a distillation column
while the integrated one comprised a mixer and a distillation
column the middle of which was used as the reactor. The
results obtained from the simulation have proven that the
integrated system was better than the conventional one because
the integrated system was able to give higher conversion and
higher product purities. The optimization of the integrated
system gave an optimum value of reflux ratio to be 3.1 and the
maximum value of n-butyl acetate mole fraction that was
obtained at the bottom segment to be 0.9990. Therefore, for
the transesterification process that was used for the
production of n-butyl acetate and ethanol, the integrated
system has been proved to be more efficient than the
conventional one. |
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|
| Title: |
The
management of solid wastes in municipal subdistricts in the
lower northeast, Thailand |
| Author (s): |
Prayong
Keeratiurai |
|
Abstract: |
This research studied the
management of the solid wastes of municipal subdistricts in
the Lower Northeast, Thailand as Nakhonchaiburin
group. The Nakhonchaiburin group
is in four provinces of the Lower Northeast are Nakhon
Ratchasima province, Chaiyaphum province, Buriram province,
and Surin province in Thailand. This study aimed to determine
the proportion of different types of the solid wastes at the
present time and to offer the right choices for the solid
waste management. The results of this study showed that the
average rate of the solid wastes in 3 seasons was 0.26±0.11
kg/capita/day or was 51.94±38.27
kg/km2/day of communities in the municipal sub
districts. The results of
this study also showed that the average rate of the solid
wastes in 3 seasons was 757.97±555.06
kg/day. The solid wastes that occur in communities with the
average density were 190.71±93.16
kg/m3 and the average moisture content was 55.23±14.47%.
Analysis of the composition of the solid wastes according to
the seasons found that the season
was one of the factors that influence the amount of solid
wastes but the season had low impact on the composition of the
solid wastes in municipal sub districts in the Nakhonchaiburin
group, Thailand. The results of
the survey, the solid wastes could be classified into seven
groups by mass balance were papers 15.53±5.28%,
garbage 40.02±14.72%,
plastics 14.52±2.45%,
glasses 9.20±4.32%,
metals 1.81±1.03%,
woods 6.19±5.99%,
and etc. 12.74±11.62%.
In addition, the evaluation of alternative of the solid waste
management in the communities of the municipal sub districts
in the Lower Northeast, Thailand as the Nakhonchaiburin group.
The results showed that the Sub
district Administrative Organization (SAO) could be
achieved through an integrated management approach. The solid waste
management effectively, it was necessary to supplement with a
solid waste separation system. The results showed that the
percent of the proportion of the solid wastes that could be
recycling was 41.06±13.08%
by the campaign for a separation of the solid wastes from
household. The results also showed that the percent of the
proportion of the solid wastes that could be composting was
46.20±20.71%.
However, due to the separation of the solid wastes for
recycling and composting were impossible to eliminate all the
solid wastes of municipal sub districts. Finally, the
remaining solid wastes that could not be eliminated with the
above methods would be taken to eliminate with the sanitary
landfill was 12.74±11.62%. |
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|
| Title: |
Dual-band of
a probe fed rectangular patch antenna using u-shaped slot for
wlan application |
| Author (s): |
Karim A.
Hamad |
|
Abstract: |
A dual-band microstrip patch antenna is
presented in this paper. Dual- band operation is achieved by
loading the antenna with U-shaped slot. The proposed antenna
can excite resonance at the (2.4) GHZ and (5.823) GHZ bands
with impedance band widths of 53.5 MHZ (2.3749-2.4284 GHZ),
945.6 MHZ (5.6627-6.6083GHZ). Computer simulation technology
(CST-2010) Software Package is used to compute the Radiation
pattern and S11 of the antenna. The gains (4.54)
and (4.94) dB respectively over the two operating bands. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
A survey on
application of IDS in manet |
| Author (s): |
Omkar Pattnaik and Binod Kumar
Pattanayak |
| Abstract: |
Dynamic nature of wireless ad hoc networks
imposes a set of challenges to its efficient implementation in
a wide range of applications. Quality of Service (QoS)
parameters such as bandwidth, delay, power etc. should be
optimized in order to provide an improved performance level of
ad hoc applications. Security in ad hoc routing is another
major concern for efficiency of ad hoc networks. Intrusion
detection represents one of such security aspects. Intrusion
Detection Systems (IDS) are designed to fulfill the purpose.
In this paper, we carry out an extensive survey on IDS
exploring the resources available as of today. Our survey
includes a study on different types of IDS along with
different types of attacks which IDSes target to overcome. We
also discuss the underlying architecture of IDS. In addition,
we provide an overview of IDS design techniques in the context
of Watchdog / Pathrater mechanism. We assume that researchers
can benefit from this survey in order for optimal
implementation of their research work in the context of IDS in
MANETs. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Micropolar
fluid flow through a duct containing highly porous medium |
| Author (s): |
V. Narasimha
Charyulu and M. Sunder Ram |
|
Abstract: |
The flow of
the incompressible Micropolar fluid through a duct containing
high porous medium is examined under the influence of magnetic
field. The induced magnetic effect is taken into consideration
in study the flow. The duct is bounded by two horizontal
infinite and non conducting plates. The duct is subjected to
the rotation with an angular velocity. The non-Darcian
equation of the flow is applied to examine the flow in porous
medium. The solution for velocity field, shear stress and
induced magnetic field are obtained in closed form. The effect
of permeability parameter magnetic parameter and angular
velocity on the flow of the fluid is investigated.
|
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|
| Title: |
Physico-mechanical
properties of bauxite residue-clay bricks |
| Author (s): |
Ebenezer
Annan, Benjamin Agyei-Tuffour, Lucas N. W. Damoah, David S.
Konadu and B. Mensah |
|
Abstract: |
This study is focussed on
consolidating knowledge on the application of Bauxite residue
in the building industry. X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) reports of
the bauxite and bauxite residue are given. Also presented are
physico-mechanical properties of red mud (RM)-Clay (AC)
bricks. The RM-AC bricks have compositions; 90%-10%, 80%-20%,
70%-30%, 60%-40%, 50%-50%, 40%-60% prepared and fired at
sintering temperatures 800oC, 900oC and
1100oC. The experimental results obtained showed
that each of the three stated sintering temperatures, bulk
density increases as apparent porosity and water of absorption
reduces. Bulk densities computed were within the range
(1.3-1.8)g/cm3 at 1100oC sintering
temperature. Maximum flexural strength was found to be
associated with 50%-50% (Red mud-clay) composition at 1100oC.
And compressive strength (3.2-12.5) MPa range for all batches
at 1100oC sintering temperature. Generally,
flexural and compressive strengths were increased with higher
sintering temperature. The results obtained for various
characterization analysis compares well with literature and
hold potential in bauxite residue eco-friendly application as
fired brick. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Excitation controller design of a
synchronous machine using discrete optimal multirate techniques |
| Author (s): |
D. V. Bandekas, A. K. Boglou and
D. I. Pappas |
|
Abstract: |
An optimal control strategy
based on Two-Point-Multirate Controllers (TPMRCs) is used to
design a desirable excitation controller of a hydro generator
system, in order to enhance its dynamic stability
characteristics. In the TPMRCs based scheme, the control is
constrained to a certain piecewise constant signal, while each
of the controlled plant outputs is detected many times over a
fundamental sampling period . On the basis on this strategy, the
original problem is reduced to an associate discrete-time
linear quadratic (LQ) regulation problem for the performance
index with cross product terms, for which a fictitious static
state feedback controller is needed to be computed. Simulation
results for the actual 160 MVA synchronous generator with
conventional exciter supplying line to an infinite grid show
the effectiveness of the proposed method which has a quite
satisfactory performance. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Analysis of
space frame-strap footing-soil system to investigate column
forces under seismic loading |
| Author (s): |
Vivek Garg
and M.S. Hora |
|
Abstract: |
Previous studies emphasis to consider the
effect of soil-structure interaction in the design process of
low-rise buildings resting on shallow foundations for safe
seismic design. Also, there may be a situation where column(s)
of a building are located near adjoining property line. In
this situation, an eccentric footing is generally provided.
This causes angular rotation in such individual footings due
to moment developed by eccentric loading. The strap beams may
be provided under such circumstances in order to control the
rotation within permissible values. In the present work, the
seismic interaction analysis of a three-bay three-storey RCC
space frame-footing-strap beam-soil system is carried out to
investigate the interaction behavior using the finite element
method. The frame, foundation and supporting soil mass are
considered to be linear elastic and to act as a single
compatible structural unit for more realistic analysis. The
seismic analyses of space frame-isolated footing-soil and
space frame-strap footing-soil systems are carried out to
evaluate the forces in the columns. The emphasis is made on
the necessity of interaction analysis using strap beams. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Potential of
carbon benefits from eucalyptus hybrid in dry-deciduous coppice
forest of Jharkhand |
| Author (s): |
Sanjay Bala,
Soumyajit Biswas and Asis Mazumdar |
|
Abstract: |
Carbon (C) is sequestered by the
plant photosynthesis and stored as biomass in different parts
of the tree. The present study illustrates physical carbon
sequestered in Eucalyptus hybrid coppice forest over a
period of time in the Chakulia Forest Range of Dhalbhum Forest
Division, Jharkhand and potential of getting carbon benefit
through Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD).
Empirical equation has been derived through curve fitting by
using PASW Statistics (SPSS Inc.) to calculate the carbon
content of Eucalyptus tree with known diameter and
height. For known diameter the equation is y = 4.57 - 162.05x
+ 1761.80x2 or y = 14.25 - 372.53x + 3160.37x2 - 2831.88x3 and with known height the
equation is y = 0.00458465x3.1785456 where ‘y’
represents Carbon (kg) content of a tree with Diameter/Height
‘x’ (meter) and applying correlation models it has been found
that the Carbon content of a tree has a better relationship
with Diameter over Height of the tree. The study also
concludes that on an average the C content of a Eucalyptus
hybrid on dry weight basis was found to be 45.91% as measured
by CHN analyzer. The carbon sequestration potential by the
Eucalyptus coppice forest was 13.07 tC ha-1 (ton Carbon per hectare) in 6 years, with an
average annual increment of 2.18 tC ha-1.
The present study have shown the corresponding carbon benefits
of Rs. 1840/- and Rs. 3200/- under the carbon price of $5 and
$10 per ton of CO2 on per hectare per annum for the
6 years old Eucalyptus coppice forest. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Estimation of
global solar radiation in Maiduguri, Nigeria using angstrom
model |
| Author (s): |
B. Musa, U.
Zangina and M. Aminu |
|
Abstract: |
In this study, the daily
sunshine duration is used to estimate average global solar
radiation for Maiduguri, Nigeria. The daily sunshine hour were
measured for five years (2004 to 2007) from which the monthly
mean values were determined. Angstrom model was then used to
estimate the global solar radiation based on the monthly mean
sunshine hour. The values of solar radiation for Maiduguri
town vary from the range of to
under
the period of study with the mean value of .
This value can be utilized in the design and performance
estimation of solar energy systems, which is gaining
significant attention in Nigeria in particular and the world
at large. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Improved
Walsh functions algorithm for single phase power components
measurement |
| Author (s): |
Garba Aliyu,
Saifulnizam Bin Abd. Khalid, Mohd Wazir Mustafa and Jafar Usman |
|
Abstract: |
This paper presents an improved Walsh function
(IWF) algorithm for power components measurement in linear and
nonlinear, balanced and unbalanced sinusoidal load system. It
takes advantage of the Walsh Functions’ simple procedure to
develop an algorithm to determine the active, reactive and
distortion powers. The increasing use of non-linear loads
causes distortion of the power supply system leading to
voltage and current waveforms to become non-stationary and
non-sinusoidal. As a result measurement using the IEEE
standard 1459-2000 which is based on fast Fourier transform
FFT is no longer realistic in non-sinusoidal load condition
due to its sensitivity to the spectral leakage phenomenon. The
proposed Improved Walsh function algorithm which has the
features of being simple, and having high accuracy rate for
measurement of both sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal signals was
tested using a model created on Matlab 2011. The results were
compared with the FFT approach and Wavelet transform technique
and it showed that the algorithm has the potential to
effectively determine the active and reactive powers of a
network under different distortion load conditions better than
the FFT. The algorithm is computationally less cumbersome when
compared with the Wavelet transform. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Autonomous
mapping and navigation through utilization of edge-based optical
flow and time-to-collision |
| Author (s): |
Madhu
Krishnan, Mike Wu, Young H. Kang and Sarah Lee |
|
Abstract: |
This paper proposes a cost-effective approach
to map and navigate an area with only the means of a single,
low-resolution camera on a “smart robot,” avoiding the cost
and unreliability of radar/sonar systems. Implementation is
divided into three main parts:
object detection, autonomous movement, and mapping by
spiraling inwards and using A* Pathfinding algorithm. Object
detection
is obtained by editing Horn-Schunck’s optical
flow algorithm to track pixel brightness factors to subsequent
frames, producing outward vectors. These vectors are then
focused on the objects using Sobel edge detection. Autonomous
movement is achieved by finding the focus of expansion from
those vectors and calculating time to collision which are then
used to maneuver. Algorithms are programmed in MATLAB and
implemented with LEGO Mindstorm NXT 2.0 robot for real-time
testing with a low-resolution video camera. Through numerous
trials and diversity of the situations, validity of results is
ensured to autonomously navigate and map a room using solely
optical inputs. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Experimental
studies on the effect of fineness of flyash particles on the
accelerated concrete properties |
| Author (s): |
V. M.
Sounthararajan and A. Sivakumar |
|
Abstract: |
The growing
concern over the use of high volume of flyash use in concrete
necessitates the improvement on the reactivity of flyash owing
to poor pozzolanic action. The present study focuses on the
evaluation of the influence of fineness of flyash particle for
producing accelerated rate of hardening at early ages in
flyash mixed concrete. Experimental tests were conducted on
the concrete mixtures containing different fineness of flyash
consisting of particles passing through 300 microns; 150
microns and their performance were compared with raw flyash
obtained from the source directly. The test results indicated
that with higher replacement level upto 30 % fine flyash
(passing through 90 microns) showed an increased rate of
hardening and compressive strength (43.9 MPa) at 7 days
compared to coarser flyash 28 days compressive strength of
concrete. It can be also noted that all the flyash concrete
mixes showed a consistent strength increase compared to
controlled concrete however, the rate of strength development
is higher for finer varieties of flyash. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Redesigning a design as a case of mass
housing in Malaysia |
| Author (s): |
Rostam Yaman,
Hamimah Adnan, Mohd Reza Esa, and Norishahaini Mohamed Ishak |
|
Abstract: |
The research is to appraise the perceptive
discourse in uniqueness’ factors of new mass housing
development in Malaysia. The chosen case study is newly
occupied housing area in Taman Cahaya Alam, Shah Alam
District. Four main factors that related to ‘uniqueness’;
facade design, spatial operation; spatial relationship and
degree of comfort is evaluated. Beside design aspect, question
also concerns the level of security and intrusion. The
findings show that various aspects of renovations were made by
respondent’s addition to existing design in achieving the
uniqueness and to fulfil their personal needs as the existing
design is merely minimum requirement. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Optimization
of water adduction mains path |
| Author (s): |
Ioan Sarbu
and Emilian Stefan Valea |
|
Abstract: |
The
efficient design of water adduction main involves several
optimization
processes among which an important
place is held by their path
optimization. In this paper are developed two deterministic mathematical
models for optimization of
water adduction main path, based on techniques of
sequential
operational calculus, implemented in a computer program.
Using these optimization models could be obtained an optimal
solution for selection of source location and of water adduction main
path based on graph theory and dynamic programming. Numerical
examples will be presented to demonstrate the accuracy and
efficiency of the proposed optimization models. These show a good performance of
the new models. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Exploring the
extent of critical gap acceptance
caused by
rainfall in Malaysia |
| Author (s): |
Mashros
Nordiana, Rahman Raha and Ben-Edigbe Johnnie |
|
Abstract: |
At a priority intersection, critical gap is the
threshold by which drivers judge whether to accept a gap or
retain holding position. It is usually taken as a fixed value
or considered to follow a certain distribution. But at roadway
segment, critical gap is needed to allow road user to make
decision relative to the lead vehicle. If the critical gap is
larger than reaction time, drivers maintain safe following
distance from the vehicle in front; otherwise the probability
of vehicle collusion is heightened. The paper is aimed at
determining critical gap acceptance at roadway segment under
rainfall condition. Differential gap is expected under dry and
rainfall conditions irrespective of rainfall intensity due to
reduced visibility. Based on the hypothesis that rain
conditions have effect on critical gap acceptance, studies
were carried out at Pontian-Skudai Route 5, Malaysia. The
objectives are to estimate average gap and determine critical
gap acceptance under prevailing conditions. In a
‘with-and-without rainfall impact study’, traffic stream gap
was calculated from the headway, flow, length of vehicle and
speed relationship. Headway was mainly derived from maximum
flow rate. Results show that average traffic stream gap for
dry weather is higher than that of rainfall conditions.
However, motorists maintain a safe following distance under
both circumstances. The paper concluded that rainfalls
irrespective of their intensities have no significant impact
on critical gap acceptance.
These so because all observed vehicles on the
roadway under rainy conditions are affected and there is no
undue advantage enjoyed by any particular type of vehicle. |
| |
|
|
| Title: |
Performance
evaluation of wet scrubber system for industrial air pollution
control |
| Author (s): |
Bashir Ahmed
Danzomo, Momoh-Jimoh E. Salami, Md. R. Khan, Sani Jibrin and
Iskandar M. Nor |
|
Abstract: |
The concentration of pollutants
emitted from industrial production are generally toxic and
hazardous, which can be a serious health risk to humans not
limited to respiratory ailments (asthma, bronchitis,
tuberculosis, etc) but also to the photosynthesis in plants.
In this study, a pilot scrubber system for PM10
control has been designed using data obtained from cement
industry. A model for the overall collection efficiency of
counter current scrubber system and Langmuir’s approximations
were used to predict the performance of the system by
considering droplet sizes of 500µm, 1000µm, 1500µm and 2000µm.
The range of liquid to gas ratio recommended by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been used to
investigate the appropriate ratio for optimum performance of
the system. Due to reversed flow in the Langmuir’s
approximation, negative collection efficiencies for the 1µm
dust particle were obtained. For 5µm and 10µm dust particles,
the maximum collection efficiencies were determined to be
99.988% and 100.000% at 500µm droplet size and 2.7 l/m3
while the minimum was obtained to be 43.808% and 58.728% at
2000µm droplet size and 0.7 l/m3.
The predicted
performance of the scrubber system was then validated using
the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality standard for
PM10. |
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