The Performance-based contracts (PBC) have been implemented in Indonesia starting in 2011. Risk analysis and risk management need to be performed on PBC implementation for road maintenance. The research on risk identification has been done, but the pattern of risk sharing between government and private sector (contractor) is still under study. Because "risk sharing" must be controlled in this contract. If too much risk is allocated to the contractor, the price will be high and if too little risk is transferred then the goal of obtaining efficiency and effectiveness of the contract is not achieved. In performance-based contracts, a traditional contractual risk is transferred to contractors and contractors must ensure that network performance complies with the specifications in return for agreed lump sum payments. The result of this paper is the duration of performance-based contracts that outcome in the most optimizes payoffs for both parties using dynamic system approach and game theory. No one of them (government and contractor) gets more profit or benefit while another disadvantaged. To get a positive payoff for both parties the duration of PBC can be set with contract duration of at least 7 years and above.

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As we know oil spill is a biggest issue in marine environment which effect marine life cycle. In this research, comparing of algorithms take place which results in less time consuming, oil spill tracking, oil spill area, dark patches and spill patterns. This work helps to regular day to day monitoring and detection of oil spill in the ocean. This approach helps to find out which algorithm is best suited for detection of oil spill with low time complexity. This work is carried out using ASAR RADARSAT-2 image, which is capture from Gulf of Mexico region. The work illustrate detection of oil spill in the ocean using satellite data with gray level masking, prepared with slick-relevant structure extracted by the algorithm with less time consuming. Here morphological closing techniques can be used as a good tool for monitoring and identifying the occurrence of oil spill and Synthetic aperture radar image serves as a good sensor for surveying of oil spill. In conclusion, after comparing eight algorithms, morphological technique serves as excellent method for detection of oil spill with low time complexity.

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In the electric circuit of combustion cars, the electric energy is produced by the internal alternator, Therefore, in the case of use of the accessories during its stops or in the cranking phase, it is essential to put a battery to store the energy captured to provide power. We have proposed in this paper to study the modeling of a lead acid battery to highlight the physical phenomena that govern the operation of the storage system. This work is devoted to the modeling and simulation of two battery models namely the model CIEMAT and the simplified electric model PSpice under the MATLAB environment. A pulse discharge and charge test are performed on a commercial automotive lead acid battery in order to collect data to evaluate those models, results are presented and compared.

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Output power and efficiency of gas turbines are influenced by ambient temperatures. Various studies prove that when ambient temperature rises the density of air decreases. This led to a decrease in the intake air mass flow to the turbine and consequently decrease in power output as power output is proportional to intake air mass flow rate. If no supplementary measures taken both gas turbine output and efficiency drop. One of the measures that have been proposed is absorption chiller cooling for cooling of intake air of gas turbines. Absorption chiller cooling recovers heat from turbine exhaust gases, which it uses to produce chilled water in double effect lithium bromide absorption chiller. The chilled water is passed through a heat exchanger to cool the ambient air temperature. This proposed model is to be investigated using the operation data of the steam absorption chillers and turbines that are installed at the gas district cooling University Teknologi Petronas. The operation data of the available steam absorption chillers and gas turbines will be used to establish the appropriate heat exchanger size for the proposed model. Simulation of the model using the available district cooling data will be done. The model could then be used for future prototype development of the system. The system would be useful for performance enhancement of gas turbines when ambient temperatures are high.

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Constructing a new surface from a given regular surface is an important task in Surface Modeling. A parallel surface (called also an offset surface) of a polynomial or rational surface is widely used in computer-aided design. The shape of a regular surface can be characterized by its principle curvatures, or equivalently, by its Gaussian and mean curvatures. The parabolic cylinder is a regular polynomial surface with many applications in product design. Parabolic-trough solar collectors and parabolic cylindrical reflector antennas are good illustrations of the integrated form and function. In this paper, we present constructions of two cylindrical surfaces associated with an arbitrary parabolic cylinder. The first one is the unique focal surface of the parabolic cylinder which is defined by the reciprocal of the unique nonzero principle curvature. Its set of singular points coincides with the points of a straight line. The second one is a new regular surface obtained by the normal and reciprocal mean curvature of the original parabolic cylinder. This surface, called a generalized focal surface, consists of parabolic and planar points. A comparison of the properties of the parabolic cylinder, its focal surface, and its generalized focal surface is given. The relative positions of these three surfaces are also discussed.

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In fixed wind turbine installations, the optimal wind location is difficult to individuate, permissions are difficult to obtain and the production site is distant from the costumers. The large production scale of small wheeled wind turbines keep the cost at minimum and give the possibility to install the windmill close to the final costumers. CFD simulation makes it possible to optimize the matching of a small mobile wind turbine with an automotive commercial alternator. This paper proposes an innovative device to furl the wind turbine around the pole axis in such a way to optimize energy production and avoid over-speed. For this purpose a commercial shock-absorber and a cam mechanism are used. The CFD simulation, in this case with Flow Simulation of Solid Works, makes it possible to design the turbine, the tail vane and the mechanism to maximize energy production. The device includes a shock absorber and a cam mechanism. The system provides optimum matching of the turbine torque output to the generator shaft. The same mechanism also determines the cut-out speed. The automotive generator includes a system to charge a 24V standard battery. Then, a power inverter outputs the electric energy to the grid. The 4m-diameter three-blades-rotor is connected to the 3.6kW automotive alternator through a commercial 2.5:1 speed multiplier.

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Microalgae have recently emerged as an attractive source of products for the food, energy and pharmaceutical industries due to their high biomass productivity, metabolic versatility and environmental sustainability. This work focuses on the effect of flocculation on the harvesting of microalgae Nannochloropsissp. Through a three-factor experimental design. The most suitable conditions for flocculation were determined based on flocculant (AlCl3) dosage, pH and culture time. In addition, flocculant adding-pH adjustment methods were studied and harvesting was performed according to the method that provided the best results. The pH adjustment after flocculant addition showed higher flocculation efficiency (above 90%) compared to the reverse process. It was also found that the microalgae cells exhibited spontaneous sedimentation, suggesting that the use of flocculant is not required for biomass collection.

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This study considered the solution of the system of coupled partial differential equations of equilibrium of rectangular Mindlin plates subjected to bisinusoidal transverse load over the entire plate domain. The method of undetermined parameters was used. Solutions were assumed in terms of unknown parameters for the unknown displacements in the governing equation that apriori satisfied all the simply supported boundary conditions on the plate edges. The unknown parameters were obtained by solving a system of algebraic equations. The in plane displacement, transverse displacement, inplane stresses and transverse stresses were obtained from the determined parameters using the equations of Mindlin plate theory. Comparison of the results of this study with the literature results shows agreement with the previous work of Reddy and Pagano. It was also found that for thin plates, the results agree remarkably well with classical plate theory.

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Facial expression recognition plays a significant role in human-computer interaction, social interaction, perception, social intelligence, educational scenarios, E-Learning environments etc. Automatic detection of facial expressions of a person can help in providing better human-computer interface. In this paper, a novel framework is presented to recognize the facial expressions, which enhances the efficiency and speed of recognition system by extracting significant features of a face. In the proposed framework, feature representation and extraction are done by using Median Robust Extended Local Binary Patterns (MRELBP) and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG). Later, the dimensionalities of the obtained features are reduced using Compressive Sensing (CS) algorithm and classified using multiclass SVM classifier. We investigated the performance of the proposed framework on two public databases such as CK+ and JAFFE data sets. The investigational results show that the proposed framework is robust for recognizing facial expressions with varying illuminations and poses in real time.

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Almost in every rainy season some parts of Indonesia face the same problem that is flood disaster. Floods continue to recur from year to year, suspected as a natural disaster caused by human activity. The contribution of each factor to floods in different regions will be different; one important factor is the change in land use associated with paddy fields. Rapid environmental changes such as population growth will require food, shelter, clean water and so on. The 2010-2015 population growth rate of 1.37% or the population grew 6.86% from 2010. Population growth and the development of industrial estates, increasing the need for housing, roads and industrial infrastructure that encourage the conversion of agricultural land for land use/land cover purposes other. The use of Markov chain analysis method in spatial modeling of land use/land cover change informed decreasing of paddy field and widening of settlements or industrial estates. The expansion of settlements and industrial areas has reduced the area of wetland from 51.41% in 2015 to 45.81% in 2031. The objective of this study is to implement spatial modeling of land cover changes and flood hazard analysis that can occur in paddy fields as well as its impact on rice production.

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Information exchange predominantly had been done using websites. Websites are designed and developed using unstructured languages such as HTML, XML etc. The efficiency of information exchange is quite dependent on the Quality of design and implementation of the website. Many aspects are to be considered in determining quality of the websites such as, quality of navigation, quick access to the content, structured and classified manner of presenting the content, exchange of user-friendliness and the need for minimum movement of data between the client and the server. One has to determine a scientific method of computing the quality of WEB sites. Many quality factors have been defined in the past and not all of the factors are relevant for a given WEB site. There should be a formal structure of presenting the quality factors and a mechanism to select the factors that are more relevant to a given WEB sites. This paper presents a survey of various factors for assessing the quality of a website and provides contextual requirements of those factors which are relevant for a particular website. It also is aimed at evaluating the quality of a given website considering the factors that are relevant for the chosen website.

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According to the importance of using hardware implementation for digital image processing to gain performance with high quality; this paper produces some basic techniques to enhance images with their hardware implementation and results using the VHDL and mega Core modules. The paper focuses on exploring the parallelism features on FPGA to perform image enhancement in the spatial parallelism, by applying spatial parallelism to design and build embedded real time system. The FPGAs reconfigurable make them very suitable choice for real-time image processing to implement many enhancement algorithms to get fast computation. It utilizes of parallel on-chip registers and memory enhanced the processing time of implemented algorithms. An FPGA development Board DE2-115 is used as vehicle project. The results of implemented design show that the throughput is increased in term of coarse-grain scale and reduce the power consumption. Also, the operating frequency is increased to 1GHz by configuring Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). As well as the possibility to implement several algorithms using the same Hardwar, only reconfigurable it.

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A simple, low cost intelligent pressure measuring technique has been proposed in this paper. In industrial applications, bellows is used as a pressure sensor with a local indication only. Hence, the deflection of bellow due to applied pressure must be converted into an efficient electrical read out for measurement and control in industry. In this study, the design of intelligent pressure transmitter with wireless read out has been described using bellow as a primary sensing element, a Hall effect sensor as sensing element and ATmega328 micro control unit for improving the linearity characteristics and wireless transmission. The voltage-pressure relation of the Hall Effect based pressure transducer exhibits a considerable nonlinearity and limits the measurement to local operations. To estimate and compensate the nonlinearity of the pressure transmitter, we propose an artificial neural network (ANN). The intelligence of ANN modelling is included into an embedded plug-in-module (PIM). The functionality of the transmitter has been tested experimentally. The proposed intelligent transducer has exhibited considerably high sensitivity of about 1.8694 mV/psi over the pressure range of 0-40 psi. The performance of the proposed transmitter is verified with recently reported techniques.

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The work presents an automated attendance system based on face recognition. The proposed system involves face detection, Features extraction, and matching. The face detection is to detect faces based on Viola-Jones algorithm using vision toolbox. In the feature extraction stage, the binary format is used for the different extraction process. A DRLDP operator is used for obtaining the edge values for every position of the pixel and results in the code generation. The obtained results are matched with the previously stored images of an individual for verification.

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The article proposes a stochastic model of the process of emergency evacuation from the height in case of fire while using self-rescue equipment. The technical characteristics of escape equipment and psychophysiological factors of people's behavior in case of fire are simultaneously factored into the united model. An evaluation criterion of the effectiveness of the use of escape equipment in case of fire in the buildings is proposed. The set up model allows estimating the effectiveness of the use of escape equipment from the height, to predict the results of the emergency evacuation system control. The use of the model can help in defending control decisions on the number and types of escape and evacuation equipment from the height that buildings should be equipped with to maintain the required individual fire risk index.

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In this paper, we showcase demand elevated class applications, storage space of data distantly, the less protection burden of local data storage and shared pool of configurable computing resources are the services provided that can be enjoyed by the users by using cloud storage. Data integrity protection is an imposing task in cloud computing that is done as the outsourced data is no longer physically possessed, especially for users with constrained computing resources. Cloud storage is a model used by the users to store their files and the providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible. The mobile cloud environment has security issues as the cloud environment that cannot be applied in mobile devices. Low transmission rates, latency sensitivity, poor connectivity are the challenges required to be undertaken by wireless networks to avoid security issues. Conventional investigate schemes and Ranked Serial Binary Investigate (RSBI) algorithm leads to extra traffic costs and a long investigate time for the users. The Resourceful investigate an able encryption scheme is proposed to address these issues as a mobile cloud service. The data communication process is optimized for traffic efficiency by reducing the access size by using lightweight access encrypted keyword compression method in this innovative scheme. The user registries in the cloud to upload their files and then the files are encrypted by using the index and compress, key generation and Secure Flow Algorithm (SFA). The encrypted files are stored in the cloud server that can be downloaded by the user by entering the keyword and in the database investigate able encryption is used to investigate the files to speed up the investigate time. Two optimization methods have been proposed in document, investigate called to investigate able encryption and SFA algorithm. The result shows that investigate able encryption scheme which reduces the investigate time as well as network traffic.

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Optical interleave division multiple access technology (IDMA) is used in recent communication system to cope up with higher code rate, longer traffic intensity as well as superior interference rejection capability. In present article the qualitative performance of OIDMA is analyzed using random and tree interleavers and optimum selection of interleavers are decided by comparing BER performance of random and tree interleavers. Convolutional coding technique is used here for error correction purpose. Code rate has been changed by varying number of Ex-OR gates in encoder design. The memory elements which decides the constraint length is kept fixed. Code rate variation of fixed constraint length convolutional code has been incorporated in encoder design and effect of qualitative performance of OIDMA has been observed and BER is calculated for different users.

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Image algorithm throughput, costs, and time quality are the criteria and key factors to failure or success for every image enhancement system. In this paper, the spatial parallelism mechanism using the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform is applying to build embedded real time system to achieve this goal. The spatial parallelism can provide the ability to speed up image processing. It includes design and implementation a system that select many algorithms to enhance image features. An FPGA development Board DE2-115 is used as vehicle system. Configuring Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) is used to increase the operating frequency to 1GHz to avoid the master clock limitation of the development Board DE2-115 board. The results of implemented design show that the throughput is increased in term of coarse-grain scale. Furthermore, an acceptable image enhancement is obtained by applying tuning process on using these algorithms.

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In multi-sensor radar system, some of the sensor measurements may be incorrect, due to the occurrence of false alarm and miss detection. So the number of targets and which the results of measurements derived from the target is not known for certain. The problem becomes how to determine the number of targets, which in the measurement results are mixed between the correct measurements (derived from the target) and the incorrect (false alarm). This problem is known as a multidimensional assignment problem. To solve this problem required a heuristic method. In this paper the Ant System method is offered to solve the multidimensional assignment problem and the Nearest Neighbor Kalman Filter to estimate the target state. Three different target trajectories were used in the simulation using three identical radar. It is found that the Ant System algorithm is able to separate between true and false alarm. Furthermore, the process of estimating the target using the Nearest Neighbor Kalman Filter.

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An open source is software in which the source code is freely available and may be distributed or revised. The internet is composed of a variety of these systems and is frequently used. One category of open source systems is web applications. Examples of open source web applications are Moodle and Wordpress. One problem of open source web applications is because their codes are freely available and revised many times by different programmers it may not be standard and optimized. Logic Scoring of Preference is an evaluation methodology with theoretical foundations in fuzzy logic and optimization systems. This methodology allows the nonlinear aggregation of a large number of input criteria without the loss of important data. This research will develop a novel Logic Scoring of Preference algorithm that evaluates Open Source web applications Moodle and Wordpress to follow the International Standard ISO/IEC 25010:2011. A new metric for Open Source web application quality will be presented and will be focused on the Usability and Functional Suitability of the System. This will serve as a guide for the developers of these programs to further improve the software and optimizing it.

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