Kemplang is a crunchy traditional snack of the common people in Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Normally, it roasted on an open charcoal stove, where the smoke, the heat and the combustion gases spread out in all directions. Vertical Energy Saver (VESA) is name of equipment created to accommodate the heat to be used for roasting the kemplang and drying or preheating the kemplang before roasted. VESA-2 is a developed VESA operating to concentrates fly ash, particulate matters, heat and greenhouse gases to transport upward and throwing it to a safe place away from humans breath. Tests are carried out to improve the energy efficiency by enlargement the volume of VESA-2 and the measurements are conducted at VESA-2 with no load. Test results show that the energy efficiency of original VESA-2 is 20.61%, the energy efficiency of VESA-2 with 30 centimeters height addition is 27.05% and the energy efficiency of VESA-2 with height addition and 28% of cross section area enlargement is 28.18%. The height addition and the cross section area enlargement are significantly increasing the energy efficiency of VESA-2.

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Currently, the construction of road transportation facilities in Indonesia for pavement was still dominated by the used of asphalt. The most widely used type of asphalt for road pavement was asphalt derived from petroleum distillation, which was then known as petroleum bitumen. Today there were many power plants that use coal as fuel. The by-product of burning coal was fly ash, which is classified as a pollutant material. Marshall characteristic test is one of the tests carried out to test the strength and void characteristics produced by asphalt mixtures, including asphalt concrete binder course (AC-BC) mixtures. Marshall characteristics can also be used to determine the optimum asphalt content and Marshall immersion index of asphalt mixtures. This study aims to determine the optimum asphalt content and Marshall immersion index of the AC-BC mixture using Portland composite cement as filler. The gradation of the AC-BC mixture as were 50.00% of coarse aggregate, 45.15% of fine aggregate and 5.85% of filler. AC-BC mixture were produced using petroleum bitumen of 60/70 grade penetration at variations in asphalt content of 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, and 6.0% by estimated asphalt content. The results showed that the optimum asphalt content of the AC-BC mixture was 5.5% with Void in Mix (VIM) value of 4.35%, Void Filled Bitumen (VFB) of 71.84%, Void in Mineral Aggregate (VMA) of 14.84%, stability of 812.04 kg, flow of 3.17 mm and Marshall Quetiont of 255.81kg/mm, respectively. The value of residual strength (immersion index) for 24 hours from the results of the Marshall Immersion test was 96.21% for AC-BC mixture.

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In this paper we propose a highly secure and high capacity PVD steganography scheme in which LZW compression is used to increase embedding capacity and QKD is used to improve upon the security of the RSA public key. The compressed secret data is encrypted using RSA algorithm resulting an encrypted data which is embedded into the cover image using PVD algorithm. The scheme uses Hilbert fractal-based pixel traversal and selection method so as to increase the randomness of the embedding process. The scheme achieved an increase in the embedding capacity of 24.6% when compared with existing methods. The proposed scheme also achieves an average PSNR value of 40.96 dB at 4.99 bpp. The scheme is resilient to quantum computing and steganalysis like pixel difference histogram (PDH).

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The expanding urban landscape has significant hydrological implications. Considerable studies have explored the use of porous pavements to mitigate urban hydrology including how porous pavements impact the permeability of urban surfaces and pollution. The current systematic review synthesizes available literature in the past ten years. The paper reviews findings on the hydrological performance of porous pavements on storm water management and pollution control. The selected studies comprised field experiments, laboratory experiments, and simulations published in the past 10 years. Overall, porous pavements were presented as able to significantly mitigate runoff and offer better storm water management. Further, the review found extensive evidence on the pollution control capability of porous pavements. While the different studies evaluated- based on different settings and unique variables- offered different quantitative results, there was a positive trend in the results. That is, regarding storm water management, porous pavements were found to increase infiltration, reduce run-off and peak discharges, and have similar hydrological effects. On pollution control, there was considerable evidence especially on non-dissolving pollutants such as suspended solids. The review found that while there was a general positivity in the adoption of permeable pavements, there was considerable fragmentation of knowledge of pervious pavements. Accordingly, more effort is needed to better define adoption and application guidelines across the board. That is; performance mechanism for different soils, loading, pollutant characteristic, and similar hydrological and structural parameters.

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Waste cooking oil (WCO) comprises polyethylene terephthalate (PET) compounds, which can be converted to polyol and utilized as a raw material for production of polyurethane (PU). The PU foam composite was made by compounding WCO as polyol source, toluene diisocyanate and utilized sugar palm fiber with different fiber loading : 10, 20, 30 and 40 (%w) at ambient temperature and stirred rapidly for 1 minute. This study aims to evaluate the effect of sugar palm fiber loading on the characteristics of PU foam composite, include tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity, impact strength, water absorption, fracture morphology analysis through SEM and functional group analysis through FTIR. Result showed that the fibre loading are greatly influenced the mechanical properties of PU foam composite as indicated by the good adhesion between fibre and matrix on the fracture morphology through SEM analysis with the maximum value of obtained at 30% fiber loading. Fibre loading also caused an increase in the water absorption properties of PU foam composite. This is due to the hydrophilic nature of the fibers with the presence of hydroxyl groups, which can react with water molecules, as opposed to the hydrophobic nature of the PU matrix.

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It is important to assess mining productivity to ensure optimal mining production performance. Mining productivity is achieved through proper management, monitoring and evaluation of invested resources and operations to increase production efficiency. This paper assesses the production efficiency of an underground coal mine called Tatama Mine (TM) by identifying and evaluating the factors that influence production levels using statistical methods. The parameters used include equipment availability, equipment engineering availability, equipment mean time to repair (MTTR) and mean time between failure (MTBF), equipment engineering availability (ENA) and equipment availability (EQA). The results show that the EQA for the continuous miners and MTTR for shuttle cars influenced the production outputs by 77.00% and 96.36% respectively. The MTTR for continuous miners (CMs) influenced production performance by 59.68% while the ENA and MTBF for CMs and EQA, ENA and MTBF for shuttle cars affected production output by < 50%. It is recommended that technological advances should be adopted and integrated into the production system to respond immediately to problems with production units and improve the entire production system. Also, CMs and shuttle cars should be frequently examined within their equipment reliability periods (using their current MTTR values) to maximise their equipment uptimes (MTBF values).

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Usage of biomass briquettes as an elective fuel can supplant fuel oil, particularly lamp oil and gas which has been less compelling in its excursion because of a few factors that impact it. hence, further develop the oven that capacities to move heat from the biomass briquettes so the cooking quality is more compelling. so this examination plans to use coconut shell squander briquettes as fuel in an oven whose ignition chamber is changed by differing the distance across of the aluminum chamber. the outcomes showed that the 170mm chamber measurement variety was the most unrivaled as far as consuming time, briquette mass, and warm productivity of 99 minutes, 0.76 kg, and 39.56%, individually.

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Plant diseases affect the development of every species, henceforth early location is basic. Many AI (ML) models have been utilized to recognize and arrange plant ailments, yet advancements in profound learning (DL), a subset of ML; have worked on the precision of this field of research. It seems promising. To detect and classify plant disease symptoms, various types of DL architectures are developed/modified, as well as different imaging techniques used. In addition, these architectures/techniques are evaluated using different performance criteria. This study gives an exhaustive portrayal of the DL models that are utilized to describe various plant diseases. In addition, several research gaps are highlighted, whereby better transparency can be achieved for the identification of plant diseases, even before the onset of symptoms.

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Detailed knowledge of solar radiation distribution is highly important for many activities on earth such as agricultural practices, renewable energy installation, climate control and many more. Climatic diversity out of other diversities on earth has made it difficult to use knowledge of solar radiation distribution within a fragmental part of the earth in generalizing the solar radiation distribution on the earth surface. In view of this, this work tested and calibrated seven highly used empirical correlations for global solar radiation on horizontal surface on the earth of Nadi, Fiji. The result confirms that solar radiation is site specific as different correlation coefficients are obtained for this study site. Similarly, the result shows that five models that are based on relative sunshine hour, temperature, and precipitation are good models, while models based on relative humidity are poor models for predicting global solar radiation at Nadi, Fiji. Specifically, based on Mean Percentage Error (MPE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the Angstrom-page sunshine hour based correlation is the best, while relative humidity based correlation is poor. However, based on correlation coefficient, temperature difference correlation proves to be the best, while relative humidity based correlation proves still the poorest. In the light of the accuracy of the other models except relative humidity based correlation, choices can be made depending on the availability of data, quality of data, ease of computation and many other factors, in the estimation of monthly global solar radiation with satisfactory result. Summarily, Nadi, Fiji is endowed with abundant solar radiation as the entire clearness indexes are within partly overcast and also very close to clear sky in some months.

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