The present paper discusses the use of deep learning techniques, in particular a convolutional neural network, which is trained to identify, in an image, a surgical cutting tool located on a plane. Initially a database is established regarding the tool with different rotations and after this, the base structure of the convolutional network for its training is determined. It is possible to obtain an average identification percentage of 89% with respect to its discrimination in a  group of tools also of surgical cut.

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Friction stir welding is a solid state joining technique, which improves the strength of the welded joint when compared to the fusion welding process. The strength of the welded joint can be further enhanced by the addition of reinforcements into the metal matrix during friction stir welding. In the present research, the dissimilar aluminium alloys AA5052 and AA6063 were welded by varying the groove size in order to estimate the strength of the joint due to reinforcements. The results show that varying the groove size influences the mechanical properties of the welded joint due to the variation of reinforcement’s deposition in the stir zone. The microstructure and elemental identification also show that the deposition of reinforcements was dependant on the groove size. Also, the width of the groove size plays a significant role on the strength of the welded joint, and maximum micro hardness was found to be 150.08Hv for the groove size of 1 mm×2 mm.

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This article shows the method to calculate the forward kinematics of an exoskeleton for human upper limb, using the screws theory. The mathematical calculations are shown and are compare with the real values. This forward kinematics is used to calculate the orientation and position of the final effectors of the exoskeleton, and send this data to a robotic arm, to replicate the movements of the final effectors of the exoskeleton with the robot. The movements that the robot must do are calculated using inverse kinematics, but it is not included in this document.

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Air-cooled heat exchanger will take a serious freezing risk in cold winter, especially at a strong wind speed. Therefore, it is of great concern to study the anti- freezing of dry cooling system. There are several sites, in the world as well as in India, where the ambient temperature reaches below 0⁰C, at this temperature the fluid in heat exchanger freezes. In extremely cold environments, overcooling of the process fluid may cause freezing. If the fluid Freezes in Heat Exchanger, the heat exchanger ceases and it would damage the heat exchanger also. This may lead to tube burst, and hence protection from freezing is required to prevent plugging or damaging the tubes. There are various fluids such as Diethanolamine or Lean DEA which are used in industries like oil Refinery etc. that have serious problems of freezing. So, as to protect the fluid from freezing; we need equipment which maintains the temperature of ambient air & fluid according to their pour point & freezing temperature. For this, we can use the steam coil to raise the temperature of ambient air & fluid, by heating the working fluid. The function of steam coil is that, when the temperature reaches near the pour point of working fluid, the steam coil starts & passes the steam to increase the temperature of fluid up to the designed temperature. Steam Coil is used to heat atmospheric air to the required process temperature by means of saturated steam. By using steam coil with low pressure steam we can prevent the process fluid from freezing in Air Cooled Heat Exchanger. For air or fluid heating, steam is preferred medium for heat transfer throughout industry. Finned tubes are used in making of steam coil applications and this type of coil makes use of the latent heat that is released by the steam when it condenses so it is a very effective way of heating air.

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This paper evaluates the level of household hazardous waste (HHW) contamination due to the current local Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) practices and proposes applicable solutions through improvement of current recycling facilities and the inclusion of HHW management system in Indonesia. HHW contamination is indicated by the concentration of Hg, Pb and Cd at Padang Municipal Landfill. Evaluation on current MSWM shows that Padang City does not practice source-separated collection, enough waste recycling activities, and HHW management system. Those conditions result in HHW-contaminated waste, which causes the concentration of Hg, Pb, and Cd at the landfill site exceeds the national maximum limit. The LCA model, Integrated Solid Waste Management Model (ISWM), was used for comparing the heavy metal concentrations of current MSWM and 2 improved scenarios. The LCA on improved scenario #1 results in the reduced concentration of the heavy metals by around 12.76%. Meanwhile, the inclusion of HHW management system would further reduce the heavy metal concentrations by around 60.74% as suggested by scenario #2. It may be applied to Padang City and other Indonesian Cities with some changes to a current system such as establishing a rule for HHW management system, practising source-separated collection system, and improving recycling activities.

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Improving the accuracy of FEA on composite material parts to reduce weight is an important issue in industry and academia. The mechanical properties of composite materials have generally been studied from a microscopic perspective. The properties of relatively large or complicated models need to be identified on a macroscopic scale. However, only a few studies were performed on an inverse method that presents a plastic region as a simple model. This study proposed a method to reduce errors with respect to experimental data by presenting the mechanical properties using the inverse method and performing parameter optimization for the inverse method to realize the axial displacement of GFRP tensile specimens by FEA.

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Cloud computing is the buzz word in the today’s information technology arena and thrust research area due to its wide range in offering services. Ensuring security is the ever demanding research problem in private cloud environment. This research work aims in proposing improved security mechanism which is based on advanced encryption standard algorithm. A decisive method is used in order to verify the security of data packets. Then by making use of distributed data storage mechanism the data is stored in the private cloud servers. Undemanding data retrieval is used for obtaining the data back for the user. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB. Performance metrics such as time taken for encryption, time taken for decryption, overall elapsed time and time taken for data retrieval are chosen. From the results it is evident that the proposed D2S2M outperforms the other existing methods.

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BIST, Built In Self Test is a mechanism that is used to test itself the high reliability and low repair cyclic times .It is used to reduce complexity of the circuit it also reduces the cost and decreases the external test equipment. There are different powers gating techniques which are applied to the BIST architecture. In this paper an efficient BIST architecture is implemented using two different power gating schemes namely dual sleep approach and tri mode logic. Dual sleep approach reduces the power consumption and dealy, in this technique main advantage is using extra pull up and pull down transistors while sleep state either ON or OFF. Tri mode technique is reduces power, in this technique used virtual VDD and virtual VSS instead of normal VDD and VSS. From sleep to active at that time power consumption is more, by adding intermediate mode leakage power reduced. The simulation results show the comparison of these two techniques and give a better low power BIST architecture.

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The objective of this study is to determine the crystallization structure of cellulose fibers pineapple leaf king (Agave Cantala Roxb) as a result of fumigation treatment with variations fumigation time. The king pineapple leaf fiber (KPLF) chemical compounds EDAX analysis without and with fumigation treatment is done by using the Energy Dipersive Spectroscopy (EDS) worked as an integrated feature with the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Tescan Vega3SB. The crystallization structure analysis was done with MiniFlexII Rigaku X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and the chemical elements quantitative analysis (% Wt) was tested with the RIR (Reference Intensity Ratio) methode. The XRD diffraction with the X-Ray analysis showed that the KPLF cellulose crystallization structure be altered by the fumigation treatment. It was found that the KPLF degree of crystallinity and KPLF cristallinity index without fumigation are 70.73% and 58.62% respectively, while the KPLF degree of crystallinity and KPLF cristallinity index with 15 hours fumigation the are 72.32% and 61.72% respectively.

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This paper considers the possibility of objective and reliable location of the plough layer’s lower boundary by determining color characteristics and magnetic susceptibility of the samples. It is shown that magnetic susceptibility profile can provide more reliable assessment of the plough layer thickness than color curves in CIELAB. The formal analysis using magnetic measurements eliminates subjective mistakes. Magnetic measurements can be a useful tool for the tillage induced erosion estimation while monitoring soil characteristics for the purposes of precision agriculture.

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The ever increasing energy demand had led to the development of Hybrid Power Systems (HPS) that consists of one or more renewable energy sources operating either individually or in concatenation with the conventional energy system and/or storage. The aim of this paper is to develop a model of multi-source renewable energy generation with storage comprising of Wind, PV, Fuel Cell, Pico Hydro, Electrolyzer and Ultra Capacitor to manage the power flow among them under varying load conditions. The individual models were integrated through multi-level asymmetrical inverter to meet the load demand. Two different case studies for power management strategies have been introduced with various load profiles to effectively utilize the modelled Hybrid power system.

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Abstract:

This paper discusses the influence of a Reserve Transcriptase Inhibitor (RT Inhibitor or simply RTI) therapy to HIV infection of healthy CD4^+ Tcells. The model is constructed with four variables, namely susceptibleCD4^+ T cells, pre-RT infected CD4^+ Tcells, post-RT infected CD4^+ Tcells, and the HIV viruses. Since the CD4^+ TCells which are produced by the body are affected by the limited density of CD4^+ T cells, the growth of CD4^+ T cells is assumed to be logistic. We investigate the basic reproductive ratio and a critical therapeutic level , together with two points of equilibrium, namely the infection-free equilibrium point and the endemic equilibrium point. In general, the critical therapeutic level critis influenced by the amount of virus produced by the infected CD4^+ Tcells and the magnitude of the efficacy of RTI. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect was analyzed by comparing two different conditions of the endemic equilibrium, when there is no RTI and when the RT inhibitor exists. The stability analysis of the equilibrium point is done through the Routh - Hurwitz criteria.

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This work presents a modernistic approach to evaluate the optimum machining parameters in CNC turning of EN 8 steel using coated carbide tool. The Material Removal Rate and Cylindricity error in turning EN 8 steel are investigated in terms of main cutting parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut using a statistical approach. A Taguchi orthogonal array is employed to conduct experiments in an organized manner. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed to find the most influencing parameter on the responses. It was found that lower speed, lower feed and lower depth of cut favored the responses.

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The power ingesting of a grinding process is 50-60% in the cement production power consumption. The Vertical Roller Mill (VRM) reduces the power consumption for cement grinding approximately 30-40% associated with other grinding mills. The process variables in cement grinding process using VRM are strongly nonlinear and having large time delay characteristics also dynamics changes within 2-4 minutes. The fast dynamics necessitate closer attention to the process condition and taking corrective action in time. In this paper, the various conventional and modern control strategies to control the process variable available in VRM are discussed.

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A simplified procedure is proposed for estimating the actual value of the reduced resistance to the heat transfer of a building’s outer enclosing structures using two methods: a contact method and a non-contact method. The first method consists in isolating thermally homogeneous levels on the thermogram, measuring the value of the heat flux density, the temperatures of the outer and inner surfaces in each level, calculating the resistance to heat transfer. The second method is based on monitoring the temperatures of the indoor and outdoor air for the building's facade in question (or for an isolated floor), calculating heat transfer resistances of points isolated for analysis from the thermogram array. In both methods, the value of the reduced resistance to heat transfer is estimated as a weighted average of the levels (or the array of points) of the thermogram. The technique can be successfully used for thermal engineering surveys of buildings.

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Build orientation is one of chief factors which could affect the build time and support material requirement in fused deposition modelling (FDM)3D printing (3DP) process. Intelligent building orientation is inevitable for prototyping of parts, corresponding to least build time and support material. Decision of build orientation could be simple for standard and uniform parts; nevertheless, same practices could not be applied for prototyping of tailored parts. Prototyping of intricate, non- standard and customized parts usually demand pre-processing, prior to go for FDM printing to identify optimum build orientation, such that build time and material requirement could be mitigated. The present study investigates the best possible build orientation to attenuate build time and support material, while prototyping an intricate and complex robot arm. The standard practices for build orientation of couture parts of the robot arm assembly under study do not exist. Therefore effort has been made to devise build orientation to develop the parts rapidly and economically.

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This study suggests relevant finite element (FE) formulation types for the numerical simulations of a stainless steel offshore blast wall subjected to seven (7) blast loading scenarios. These structures are typically modelled by solid and shell finite elements considering the thicknesses of the structural parts. The FE simulations have been conducted in LS-DYNA and the results were validated by the experimental results by HSE [1]. The influence of strain rate has been considered to assess the dynamic responses of the blast loaded structure. Recommended FE types were discussed based on statistical analyses, which would provide broad insights into the influence of FE formulations on the blast response as well as the selection of FE formulations.

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Vertical axis wind turbine is a tool that is being developed to generate energy from wind. One cause is still little use of wind energy is the design of wind turbines that are less precise. Therefore in this study will be developed the system design of hybrid vertical axis wind turbine with computational and experimental methods. The design of hybrid turbine based on a straight bladed Darrieus turbine along with a double step Savonius turbine. The method used to design wind turbines is by studying literature, analyzing the critical parts of a wind turbine and the structure of the optimal design. The simulations results show that shortening the inner shaft then the structure strength will improved significantly. Wind turbine prototype of the optimal design characteristic tests in the wind tunnel experimentally by varying the speed of the wind. From the experimental results show that the greater the wind speed, the greater the wind turbine rotation and torque is raised. The hybrid vertical axis wind turbine with the shorter the inner shaft will have much better self-starting and better conversion efficiency.

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Nowadays, biomass is considered as one of the main sources of energy for both developed and developing countries. Biomass is one of the potential resources of renewable energy as the novel solution for consuming and depleting the fossil fuels. Utilization of biomass for bioenergy production is a beneficial alternative to meet the increasing energy demands, reduce the carbon dioxide emission, global warming and climate change. In order to deliver a competitive biomass product, it requires a robust supply chain. This paper summarized the recent literature related to optimizing the biomass supply chain in different countries. Moreover, the barriers and problems related to the palm biomass supply chain in Malaysia and review of some operational, economic and social challenges about the biomass supply chain were investigated. Finally, several recommendations are offered for future development on the relevant fields, such as cost, strategic planning, and policy implication. This study has specific importance and very few studies have been done which reviews the biomass supply chain of Malaysia.

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The efficiency of the hydrodynamic journal bearing is one of the most important factors in operating high load machinery, thus it requires better performance and reliability. Applying boundary slip and surface texturing onto the bearing surface are some of the most common approaches in increasing bearing performance. In this paper, the comparative analysis is done by involving boundary slip, no-slip and the combination of slip and no-slip on the textured surface. The load capacity acts as a benchmark for the bearing’s performance based on several parameters. Based on the results obtained, increasing texture length will produce a positive improvement over the load capacity. Besides, various surface configurations act differently in different eccentricity ratio, thus providing better configuration selection on different operating conditions.

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Mughal architecture reigned supreme in the Indian Sub Continent including Bangladesh for over five and half centuries from 12th -18th Century. Home to the fourth largest Muslim population in the world of about ninety percent of the total population, the Mughals had left many relics including mosques for the Muslims. The capital city of Bangladesh, Dhaka, is studded with mosques of Mughal Period and aptly regarded as ‘the City of Mosques' as the same level as Cairo or Istanbul [2]. However, majority of these mosques have disappeared, in ruins, preserved or repaired by giving a modern look, thus giving an impression that conservation of this invaluable 400 years mosque heritage of Dhaka has always been ignored. This paper analysed the current state of architectural conservation of Mughal mosque architecture in Dhaka through a historical review of existing literature with Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque as the conservation case study. The prototype mosque of Rasulullah (PBUH), the An- Nabawi, in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, is used as a reference for this study to provide guidelines on the extent of conservation to historical mosque-in-use in the light of needs to accommodate the worshippers with the modern requirements. With the limitation of written literature on Dhaka's architectural history and access to sites, the study had identified characteristics of Dhaka's Mughal mosque architecture as heritage traits and had compared them to newly conserved Mughal mosques of its authenticity. Findings on design authenticity of the conserved mosque denote the absence of essential details and characteristics of the Mughal. Constant debate in deciding what needs to be conserved and what had to adapt to meet modern needs between conservators and as practicing Muslim never ends. This preliminary study provide recommendations as a balanced guide for conservators and architects in dealing with heritage mosque as modern buildings.

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Various breakwaters have been developed to protect coastal areas from the force of waves. The majority of the breakwaters are gravity-type structures withstanding the wave energy by their effective masses. The construction of these gigantic structures is costly and the use of materials is substantial. This research study attempted to cope with the aforementioned problems by investigating wave attenuation performance of five submerged breakwaters that were made of multiple pipes in different configurations by the means of physical modelling. A series of experiments were conducted in a wave flume to study the wave transmission characteristics of the submerged breakwaters of different designs under regular waves. Wave attenuation efficiency of the breakwaters were expressed in terms of wave transmission coefficient Ct. The relationships between Ct and wave steepness Hi/L, relative breakwater width B/L and relative breakwater draft h/d were ascertained through a systematic experimental programme. The experimental results showed that the alternatively submerged breakwaters were better wave attenuator compared to the submerged ones, and the sloping front face of breakwaters helped in promoting wave breaking and energy dissipation.

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This paper is focused on studying the processes of rock massif and the Earth’s surface deformation during construction of tunnels by mechanized complexes with balancing the load on the face with excessive pumping into the space behind the lining. Peculiarities of the construction technology have been considered. The results of automated monitoring of the enclosing array and the Earth’s surface displacements during construction of a double-track tunnel in the Frunzensky radius of the St. Petersburg subway have been analyzed. The long-term surface monitoring data have been presented. The unconventional nature of the geomechanical processes has been revealed, in particular, stable uplift of the massif and the discrete nature of deformations. For the joint consideration of technological modes of construction and monitoring data, power dependence between the amount of the excess grouting in the space behind the lining and the value of the vertical displacement of the surface was obtained. To process and analyze the data of field observations of the surface and the massif displacement and deformation, the methods of mathematical statistics and the theory of errors were used.

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Adsorbed natural gas (ANG) provides efficient and clean combustion, with minimal emissions compared to diesel and gasoline. This article was designed to develop techniques of ANG for transportation application by apply RSM and CCD to identify the optimum preparation conditions for preparation of stable adsorbent for methane adsorption. Coconut shell and poly ether ketone (PEEK) was selected for synthesis of activated carbon (AC). The effectiveness of the parameters was determined using response surface method (RSM) couple with central composite design (CCD). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to identify the significant parameters. The quadratic model was adopted, as it has the highest F-value of 21.62 and P-value of less than 0.05, which relate the parameters and response. Microwave power has the highest F-value of 62.36. The maximum methane uptake of 5.12mmol g-1 was achieved. Overall, the hybrid coconut-PEEK adsorbent was found to be suitable for CH4 adsorption.

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By enlarging Grid, there is a requirement to use some new methods in order to manage it in various issues. One of the essential issues in the management of resources is scheduling. With regards to the dynamism and vast size of Grid, there is a need to adapt scheduling to surroundings and assign acts to resources so as to increase the efficiency and do jobs at an acceptable time. A method which is presented in this article is able to conforms itself with Grid after a quick discovering Grid changes and allocates jobs to resources to has an allowable efficiency in the current period, also it eventually decreases makespan. The proposal method is compared with other methods and the result of these experiments indicate the efficiency of this method toward other scheduling algorithms.

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The paper aim was an investigation on use of chaotic sequence in DS-CDMA. The DS-CDMA systems offer physical layer security without the need for a significant increase in computation or power requirements. Nowadays, DS-CDMA has been used widely. These systems suffers from multiple access interference because of other users transmitting in the cell, channel inter symbol interference and additive white Gaussian noise. Codes have an effective role in DS-CDMA system, so M-sequences; gold sequences have been used as spreading codes in DS-CDMA. These sequences by shift registers and periodic in nature are developed. However, these sequences are not enough and also limit the security. This paper presents an investigation on use of new type of sequences called chaotic sequences for DS-CDMA system. These sequences by chaotic maps are generated. First of all, chaotic sequences are easy to generate and store. For very long sequences there are needed only a few parameters and functions. Moreover, numerous numbers of sequences can be developed simply by changing its initial condition. Chaotic sequences are deterministic, reproducible, uncorrelated and random-like, which can be very helpful in enhancing the security of transmission in communication. This paper examines the use of chaotic sequences in DS-CDMA systems using various receiver techniques. Extensive simulation indicate the performance of the different linear and nonlinear DS-CDMA receivers like RAKE receiver, matched filter (MF) receiver, minimum mean square error receiver and Volterra receiver using chaotic sequences and gold sequences.

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This paper presents the 4 TAP finite impulse responses filter using Shannon based adder cell and multiplier circuit. The basic element of data path system is filters. The data path system involves adder, multiplier and memory element. The 4 TAP filter reports 3.41% improvement in switching power consumption. This circuit is analyzed using spice software with 130 µm technology. The proposed 4 TAP filter is important component of many applications like signal processing and cryptography.

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