In the present work, a free vibration analysis of a straight pipe span with various lengths was investigated. Finite element models were prepared using ANSYS Workbench software to obtain the natural frequencies and mode shapes numerically and the results were compared with the analytical calculation. Two end pipe supports (fixed-fixed and fixed-supported) were adopted to investigate the natural frequencies and their corresponding mode shapes. From the analysis, it was found that the natural frequency calculated using numerical and analytical results for the straight pipe with different lengths were having a good agreement. The same pipe settings were repeated for different types of pipe materials. The effect of the pipe end conditions, the fluid contained in the pipe and the pipe materials on the modal characteristics were then further investigated. It was found with the increase of pipe length; the natural frequencies decrease. For all pipe materials, with and without fluid, fixed-fixed pipes have higher natural frequencies than fixed-supported pipes. In all cases, the results show that the natural frequencies with any fluid inside the pipe were lower than the case of pipe without fluid. To predict the natural frequency, a linear equation is formulated using regression analysis relating the connection between the pipe length and its natural frequency. It was found that that there is a correlation between the first natural frequency and the length of the pipe. The regression equation has the form of a power function and the coefficient of determination is R2 = 0.8 for all cases. This vibration characteristics analysis is important as it is the basic analysis to other dynamic analyses such as response spectrum analysis or harmonic analysis.

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This research aims to design a photovoltaic solar power plant for the coffee processing center "La Esperanza", in the municipality of La Plata, Huila. The coffee process is carried out by coffee growers, mostly in facilities they own called coffee processing centers, and where they basically harvest, extract, and remove mucilage, wash, classify and dry the pulp. The Ecomil LH300 allows to wash coffee with less than 0.7 liters of water per kg of dry parchment coffee. The Ecomill® LH-300 maintains the characteristics of the Ecomill® technology, developed by Cenicafé to reduce the use of water in the process of benefit. This research presents a solar power plant design that allows Ecomil to work independently from the public power grid, thereby, contribute to the use of alternative energy. These agribusiness initiatives are well regarded by the European Community (EC). If a product is manufactured to have extraordinary environmental characteristics, it may be eligible to use the C.E eco-label. At present, more than 37,000 products marketed in Europe have the C. E ecolabel, which means that they meet rigorous ecological criteria. To obtain the eco-label, a series of criteria have been defined that cover diverse groups of products. Having the eco-label on its products demonstrates to its customers and consumers that its product meets strict ecological criteria. This brand is verified by third parties and is recognized in all the European community. Finally, the calculations of the systems that make up the photovoltaic power plant, simulations in Matlab / Simulink are presented and the results obtained are discussed.

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3D printing technology has evolved rapidly to becoming one of the most postulate method in manufacturing process. Commonly, standard manufacturing process which is subtractive that produces a lot of waste opposite to 3D printing technology is way friendly to the environment. The idea of this application additive manufacturing method in 3D printing leads to less or no wasted materials and consumption of plastic materials has significantly increased due to high demand in market. However, the plastic waste products from the 3D printing still undergo significant increase due to the problem in every human-made creation. In order to minimize the negative impact of plastic waste to the environment, a machine of recycle 3D printing has been made and study on parameter optimization on 3D printer recycle machine have been done. The study used Minitab software to analyze the factor of parameter of 3D printing recycle machine. Taguchi method was used to suggest some experiments to be performed and provides an optimal value for each parameter that needs to be optimized in the operation of extruding. Analysis of extruded filament was conducted for every 30cm with minimum of three repetitions. In comparison of the new extruding filament and original filament show that some minor difference of the mechanical properties by using tensile test method. Percentage of error for diameter of filament indicates that 1.77mm diameter with 1.14% as the lowest error while diameter of 1.82mm with 4.00% as the highest error. This shows that 3D printer recycle machine has been optimized with the percentage of error below than 5% and it could be further improved in order to help in minimizing the negative impact of plastic wastes to the environment.

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This article aims to manufacture and produce drippers in irrigation pipes used in agricultural lands. These drippers have standard specifications and are cylindrical. The control system is designed to control the type of drippers and measure the distance between drippers. It also determines the rate of discharge, pressure, temperature, and humidity through existing sensors in the control system. The control system works on the move of the perforation cart along the irrigation pipe. Using these drippers increases the efficiency and enhancement performance of the drip irrigation system through many factors such as type, distance, pressure, temperature, and humidity. The study showed that the productivity of drippers through the use of control system increases the number of drippers and improves the quality of drippers within the pipes of the drip irrigation system. Additionally, they prevent runoff and deep sedimentation of water, which causes waste of water. On the one hand, this study showed that controlling the rate of discharge leads to saving the water prepared for irrigation. The results indicated good agreement between theoretical result and experiment control system.

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Residential development projects require resources and resource management is the most important factor in project success. Resources needed in residential building projects are money, materials, manpower, machinery and methods. Improper management of resources will result in project delays and losses. Every construction project requires material resources and if it is not appropriate to provide material, construction project completion will be too late. Delay in the completion of a construction project that often occurs is the result of inadequate in providing material, this happens because they do not know exactly how much material is needed. Estimation method for predicting material needs in existing construction projects so far there needs to be complete data, through a long process and requires special expertise, therefore often it is not appropriate to provide material. Based on the description of this problem, then how to predict the material needs of residential building projects when data information is limited. Can it be predicted the amount of all material needs if there is only information on the area of the planned residential building. To solve this problem the solution is a model. This model is a formula for predicting material needs. This model is the result of research using the Regression Analysis (RA) method using 100 sampling data and this data is the data on the amount of material used in residential building projects. The model is then arranged in the application, then becomes a program. Using this model, only entering the planned residential building area data, then automatically 24 types of items in the housing construction project will be predicted. This model has an average difference of under 5% so that it can be stated this model can be used to predict the amount of material needs in residential building projects accurately, easily and quickly.

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In the food industry, the secondary raw material, such as blood, is obtained as a result of processing animal carcasses. This work has been aimed at developing a low-temperature technology for processing the blood of slaughtered animals. From such blood, the hemoglobin solution has been obtained by osmotic hemolysis. Next, separation freezing has been performed on a laboratory capacitive cry concentrator. The freezing experiments have been performed at various temperatures of the heat exchange surface and with various initial mass fractions of the solids. The highest efficiency of freezing has been observed with the temperature of the heat exchange surface of minus 2 ± 0.2 °C. Equations have been made for calculating the thermophysical properties of the hemoglobin solutions with various concentrations. A method of two-stage freezing of the hemoglobin solution has been developed. The expediency of the product sublimational dehydration with a layer thickness of 10 ± 1 mm has been proven. A technology has been developed for producing purified hemoglobin in the liquid, concentrated, and dry form.

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Responsivity scale for most photometric and radiometric detectors can currently be established with the highest accuracy by using detector-based methods. This achievement in detector responsivity has been largely stimulated by the availability of high-performance, low-cost, solid-state detectors like silicon trap detectors. This work aims to develop an analytical model for responsivity scale based on silicon trap detectors over the wavelength range from 300 nm to 1000 nm. This model is considered as a modified ideal quantum detector using calculable parameters. Specular reflectance and internal quantum efficiency are separately estimated theoretically. Fresnel relations in three media with knowing of refractive indices of SiO2 anti-reflection coating and Si substrate are given. The analytical model gives reasonable spectral responsivity results. Based on the comparison between the model and actual measurement, it has been observed that the analytical model is a simple solution for quantitative prediction of absolute spectral responsivity.

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Fine soil improvement through the inclusion of randomly distributed discrete elements, such as fibers, has recently attracted more attention in the geotechnical engineering community. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of soil compaction conditions on the shear strength and volume change of elastic silts reinforced with glass fiber experimentally. A series of unconfined compressive strength and free swell tests were conducted on unreinforced and reinforced elastic silts specimens. The fiber content in the tests varied between 0.25% and 1.0% by weight of dry soil. The test results revealed that the inclusion of fibers in soil significantly increases the unconfined compressive strength. Furthermore, little inclusions of the fibers were able to eradicate the undesired volume change occur during wetting of elastic silts and partially eliminate the dependent of soil strength on seasonal water variation which is extremely important for subgrade soil.

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The precise control of the light to which the crops are exposed allows improving the production and to expand the season margin of harvest season. Some aspects improved are the organoleptic properties that are usually related to high quality products, such as: their shape, pigmentation or color of plants and fruits, their smell and taste, the precocity of the crops and even a remarkable improvement in the control of pests and diseases. This research aims to expand experimental scientific and technological information, to date, on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), known as radiation integrated by ranges of wavelengths that are capable of producing photosynthetic activity in plants and other organisms, such as microalgae and bacteria. This article shows the experimental development of a wireless system for the monitoring; control and programming of color composition in artificial light capable of stimulating the photosynthetic reaction in plants, as a tool to improve the efficiency in horticultural production and for the investigation of photometric effects in photosynthetic organisms, implementing high power LED technologies.

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The article is devoted to the process model which is a mean of structured description of the technology of concrete mixtures transportation by road at the level of industrial processes. Range of activities related to the concrete mixtures transportation is represented as hierarchically embedded processes to be coordinated on the basis of general theory of systems. The model is described in a strict sequence: process train ? process stage ? technological link, and all built process trains consist of indivisible units. Automated Dispatching Control System (ADCS) has a layered structure, and may include multiple geographically distributed plants connected into a single technological system integrated into the enterprise management system. The proposed system is scalable and can include management subsystem concrete plants, air traffic control, laboratory, hydrothermal treatment, weight management, warehouse aggregates and cement, concrete targeted distribution, access control subsystems, jobs management personnel.

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Present day distribution networks operating at lower voltages waste major part of generated power as loss. Capacitor banks (CBs) are usually placed to supply VARs and reduce the real power loss. It may not be possible to place CBs at all nodes but can be placed only at selected number of buses for economic reasons. Recently football game based optimization (FGBO) was suggested to solve real world optimization problems. This paper builds the CB placement problem as an optimization problem and employs FGBO for solving the problem. It applies the developed algorithm on two test systems and presents the results.

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High economic growth requires an increase in export commodity trade. The distribution of export commodities must be supported by improving the service of a good and smooth road network system. Production of export commodities in export commodity producing zones requires good distribution services to increase the competitiveness of export commodities. The trips assignment analysis model of freight transportation is an analysis of loading in the road screen system to get the effect of the production of export commodity movements on road network system services. He purpose of modeling is to find an overview of the movement and transportation needs of road freight to the production volume of export commodity producing zones. The road network system that is built is simulated by loading the volume of traffic generated from the production of freight vehicles from the export commodity production zone. The destination origin matrix method is based on gravity modeling with the generation and pull of movement developed with traffic volume data obtained from traffic counting data surveys. He least squares method and the jordan gaus elimination method with the Newton Raphson method are used in modeling and calibration applications on matrices that result from movement between zones. The results of the modeling are a simulation model of movement in the network system created in a computing system based on the determination of nodes and links that are designed in a virtual road network system in Central Java Province. The resulting model was validated with the results of traffic counting data traffic movements by producing a significance test of the R2 model of 0.92. So the results of modeling trips assignment analysis on the road network system based on export commodities have significance for determining the routes used efficiently on the transportation needs of freight transportation on an efficient road network system that results from modeling.

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In this article, we present the second order-third stage Runge-Kutta method (RK2-3st) as an alternative way to give solution to the stochastic point kinetics equations with Newtonian temperature feedback effects considering step change reactivity. We consider the Doppler effect to obtain an approximation to an adiabatic nuclear reactor. We realize diverse numerical experiments, which are obtained using study cases reported in the literature. We consider several initial values for the step reactivity to study the efficiency and precision of the method. We obtain several values for reactivity, mean values and standard deviation for the neutron population density and the concentration of delayed neutron precursors. The numerical results obtained with the RK2-3st method indicate that it is efficient, of low computational cost and easy to implement.

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Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) is used basically for the feedback system of industrial machines. This system has a controller that tries to adjust the error in the variable that is processed with the set point that is desired. This is done by calculating first the error in the two values and then tries to produce corrective action that can accordingly adjust the process. There are different PID controllers and have been used in several ways in the industry. The cost of the DC motor is Php 10,000 – 20,000 per unit. This research implements a PID controller by using a microcontroller to control DC motors that are low powered. This is done for educational purposes. The angular velocity of the specified target velocity of the input module is accurately achieved. This research also validates the effects of changing the dissimilar PID gains like Proportional, Integral, and Derivative systems.

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Nowadays, wire spark erosion of machining process has the capability to cut cylindrical shapes components by integrating rotary spindle on the machine worktable. However, this process has disadvantages in terms of low cutting rate due to the disruption of pulses caused by the rotating workpiece. This drawback become the point of study by researchers to apply ultrasonic vibration to this process. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive review of ultrasonic vibrations for wire spark erosion machining for fabricating cylindrical shapes parts. This review paper has been carried out in terms of current state of the process, ultrasonic excitement targets, effect of ultrasonic vibration and its parameters along with the potential research gap in this area.

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The main goal of this review is to provide a detailed and comprehensive description of the previously published work regarding different dental restorative materials. Some conventional to recent materials used in dentistry are addressed, underlining their advantages and drawbacks. Composites are mainly preferred now-a-days in dentistry to restore/replace damaged or missing teeth, due to their enhanced mechanical, tribological properties and esthetics. As the restorative material must withstand mechanical forces as a result of biting and chewing action, a greater focus is to be put on optimizing the mechanical properties of restorative material. Different composites are compared based on their mechanical properties like flexural strength, microhardness, compressive strengths, wear and tensile strengths etc. There is no unique material capable of fulfilling of every patient. Although composites of different material combination for achieving even better properties remains understudied and further work is required to come up with better options in dentistry.

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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of pineapple extract and optimal dosage on the decrease in inflammation and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in male Wistar rats. This research is an experimental study with a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments with giving of pineapple extract dose 3 g/200 g BB, 3.5 g/200 g BB and 4 g/200 g BB) orally with 5 replications. The results of the research data were analyzed using variance test and continued with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test at the level of a = 5%.The results showed that giving of pineapple extract significantly affected the decrease in inflammation with Fcount 4.202> Ftable 2.67. Duncan's New Multiple Range Test results at the level of a = 5% indicate that the optimal dose of pineapple extract that can affect the decrease in inflammation in Wistar rats is 3 g/200 g BB. Furthermore, the results of the study also showed that giving of pineapple extract had a significant effect on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate with Fcount 3.108> Ftable 2.67. Duncan's New Multiple Range Test results at the level of a = 5% indicate that the optimal dose of pineapple extract that can affect the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in male Wistar rats is 4 g / 200 g BB.

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Composite deck slab consists of reinforced concrete cast on top of deck sheet which are bonded together by introducing stiffener, embossment etc. Partially precast technique has many advantages like fast construction, reduction in weight of precast portion during transportation etc. 1mm thick deck sheet is use for this study in which the precast depth taken as 75mm. A total of 3 specimen has been analyzed by varying the material properties during two stage construction. Conventional aggregate concrete and lightweight aggregate concrete are used for this study. Finite element analysis method has been carried out with the help of ANSYS 14 software. Both static linear analysis and non-linear analysis is done to get the actual behavior of the slab. It is expected that by using expanded clay light-weight aggregate it will decrease the weight of slab.

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In addition to preventing environmental pollution caused by exhaust emissions, creating a safe vehicle is the main objective of the process of testing vehicles. Testing vehicles in the process requires time efficiency and accurate service output to decide whether the vehicle is roadworthy or not. In this study, the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is considered more appropriate in solving existing problems by weighting the criteria of technical testing and administrative testing, where there are four criteria's are used such as the identity of the owner / authorized, application letter, type test registration certificate and vehicle license. The results of this study are web-based applications that regulate the hierarchy starting from the beginning of the registration process, testing, ratification of service outputs and various kinds of reporting so that the supervisor as the main person responsible for ensuring the safety of the tested vehicle can be faster, more precise and comprehensive in making the decision.

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The aim of this paper is to introduce a design of Centrifugal Diesel Particulate Arrestor with better efficiency and lower cost. The design was theoretically modeled and experimentally verified. A commercial Diesel Particulate Arrestor was selected for comparison in terms of embers collection efficiency theoretically and then verified experimentally. Also, the pressure drop for the new designed Diesel Particulate Arrestor and the commercial one was compared experimentally. The theoretical modeling of collection efficiency was carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Particle Tracing for Fluid Flow modules based upon the Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations and the Newton's Second Law. The two Diesel Particulate Arrestors performances were measured according to Standard BS EN 1834-3:2000 through a special designed test rig. Three different flow rates were selected for the experimental verifications to simulate the real engine flow rates at different engine loads. As in terms of large particles collection efficiency, the new designed Arrestor is better than the commercial one by 13.6% and in terms of pressure drop shows lower pressure drop than the commercial one by 89.8%. In terms of cost the new designed Arrestor is cheaper than the commercial one by 37%.

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In this study, the performance of three well-known algorithms for classifying/localizing arriving signals at an array of antennas is presented. These three algorithms are (1) Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR), (2) Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC), and (3) Estimation of Signal Parameter via Rotational Invariance (ESPRIT). Exhaustive simulations are done to evaluate and analyze these three localization algorithms where the array SNR, separation and relative power of sources, and number of samples varied to determine how each algorithm performs. Simulation results show that MVDR relies on the received signal’s relative power, while both MUSIC and ESPRIT can still detect signals that are closely spaced.

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In this study, a new passive solar system - a sunspace in combination with solar chimney (SS)-is proposed to go well the challenges of energy demand in buildings. Renewable strategies for heating demand to be performed before regarding mechanical equipment. The SS system with an area of 4 m2 on the southern facet of the building is supposed. The simulation was conducted through the EnergyPlus software and validated by experimental data. Based on the outcomes, utilizing the SS system in buildings can increase the amount of heat gained. This is a practical plan to support space heating in wintry months. Furthermore, natural night ventilation over the SS can decrease the cooling load during warm seasons. The results additionally show that the highest energy-saving for heating and cooling observed in January and July respectively. Finally, the annual economic benefit of the SS system regarding the power saving will be 14.3% subsequently the extended charge for installing the SS will be regained by 8 years ordinarily.

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This work is aimed at determination and selection of optimum conditions for freezing minced meat products in polymer packing. A new freezing method in biopolymer packaging material is proposed for minced meat products. Strength properties of CornBag biopolymer film upon freezing and low temperature storage have been studied. It has been established that this film can be used for freezing and low temperature storage of food products. The methods of convective, contact, and combined freezing have been experimentally studied with preliminary packing of minced meat products in biopolymer vacuum packaging material. It has been detected that freezing of packed products makes it possible to eliminate shrinkage of products, oxidation of lipid fraction, and organoleptic properties are retained. Graphic analytic procedure is proposed for prediction of freezing duration of minced meat products. Storage mode for minced meat products at 18°C for six months has been selected. Improved freezing technology is comprised of combined convective air blowing and contact freezing on plate with preliminary packing into biopolymer vacuum package.

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This article describes the technology of recognizing the structure of handwritten characters converting the input image into a binary file and comparing it with a set of similar precedent files. The efficiency of application of the parameters determined by the solution of the logistic curve, which integrally characterize the distribution form, virtual frequency and degree of randomness of signals, is established. The article describes a device designed by artificial intelligence technology with the following channels: input image and standards, measurement and logical analysis. Based on the research results, the efficiency of the technology is shown and the structure of the character recognition system with the accumulation of statistical information is proposed.

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