The limitation of Poly-Si/ SiO2 devices in producing a greater value of drive current (ION) has become a major issue, especially for very small scale devices. It is believed that the problem may be resolved by introducing metal-gate/high-k dielectrics to replace traditional Poly-Si/SiO2 technology. This paper presents the performance analysis of several different high-k dielectrics technology with tungsten silicide (WSix) as a metal-gate in ultra thin pillar vertical double-gate (DG) NMOS architecture. The device was virtually fabricated by using an ATHENA module of Silvaco TCAD tools. At the same time, the device characterization was carried out using an ATLAS module of Silvaco TCAD tools. The dielectric materials used for the simulation are known as Al2O3, HfO2, TiO2 and ZrO2. Analysis of the results revealed that the WSix/TiO2 device has superior electrical characteristics compared to others. The significant improvement was observed in terms of the drive current (ION) where the WSix/TiO2 device produced 2.845.2 µA/µm at 0.205 V of threshold voltage (VTH). This ION value exceeds the minimum requirement predicted by the International Technology Roadmap Semiconductor (ITRS) 2013 for high performance (HP) multi-gate (MG) technology.

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This paper describes the design and testing of programmable driving boards for turning on Xenon flash lamps, with the aim to photo-ignite Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with added metal impurities (ferrocene), makers of photo-ignition process. The realized ac powered electronic boards present different features such as variable flash brightness, pulse duration and high flash rate as function of user-adjustable potentiometers or by PC provided command signals. By using the designed PC-configurable boards in the realized experimental setup, the lighting parameters (i.e. pulse energy/power and energy density) for different Xe lamps have been measured and optimized. Varying temporal/luminous parameters of used light sources by means of realized driving boards, different pulse energy and power values were obtained, in order to fully exploit and analyze MWCNTs/ferrocene photo-induced ignition. Finally, employing these boards, the ignition of MWCNT/Ferrocene mixtures has been triggered and investigated.

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With the promoting of sustainable material usage, natural fibres such as kenaf has gained recognition as a reinforcing materials. But natural fibres are generally weaker than synthetic fibres and the porosity of the fibres make them grow weaker as time passes. As such, to counter the weakness of the natural fibre, the addition of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles is studied. Silica nanoparticle is a material with high surface area contributing to its high interfacial interaction with the matrix resulting in the improvement of the matrix. In this work, the composites were fabricated via vacuum infusion process by creating a system in which the compressed randomly orientated kenaf mat are laid in. The silica nanoparticles are dispersed into the epoxy using a homogenizer at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes before being infused into the fibres. With the inclusion of 1 vol% silica nanoparticles, even though most composite had a decreased strength, the composite with 60 vol% kenaf had shown an increment in strength at 27% making it kenaf reinforced epoxy with the highest flexural strength and modulus.

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Standard on-demand routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks were not originally designed to deal with security issues. Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a collection of different type of nodes, which are connected to each other via wireless link. The security issue of MANETs in group communications is even more challenging because of involvement of multiple senders and multiple receivers. In this work we propose rushing attack for AODV. In Rushing attack, a malicious node rising the speed of routing process. In this proposed work AODV protocol is used for study of rushing attack . We also propose the improved routing scheme to defend ad hoc networks against rushing attacks using threshold and average path value calculation.

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The traditional purpose of the optimization of the distribution networks is the minimization of costs. The majority of researchers put emphasis on the cost as a criterion to measure the performance of the distribution networks. Today, with a greater competition, as well as the pressure that is being practiced upon companies by the regulations and the non-governmental organizations, it appears that it is essential that the distribution networks must operate under reduced environmental impacts and low operating costs. The purpose of our paper is to propose a bi-objective optimization for a green distribution network. Our approach of optimization highlights the compromise between the economic objective and the environmental objective. We are using the e-constraint method to determine the Pareto front, which will serve us as a decision-making tool for the configuration of a green distribution network.

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This paper presents a effective iterative piecewise linear companding transform for PAPR reduction. It also presents an efficient iterative procedure of companding. This procedure mainly aims to mitigate the companding distortion that occurs during the clipping operation. This analysis provides a trade off between the reduction in PAPR and BER performance. Simulation results shows that proposed iterative piecewise companding transform (IPCT) can effectively reduce the PAPR.

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To brazing of cast parts to the waveguide tube compositions of aluminum-zinc alloys have been developed with operating temperatures of soldering 555-575 and 565-590o C in the form of wire of various sections. Experimental verification revealed that the best technological properties are alloys of Al-Si-Zn, obtained by modifying the AK12 alloy zinc.

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The application of ergonomic principles to the design of processes, workplace and organization, is not only a way to respond to legal requirements, but also an indispensable premise for any company that wants to pursue a business logic. One of the most stressful works, in terms of prolonged wrong postures and psych-cognitive effort, is the dentist’s one. This paper shows a cheap and effective method to acquire workplaces, work-cycles and workers-postures, in a work-environment (Dental clinic), in order to analyze how dentists (workers) move themselves into the work environment around the workstations (Dental clinic seat), with their own tools and devices, and do their jobs. The aim of the analysis is to determine the best way to plan the movement of the workers and their work-cycle in order to optimize the productivity and to obtain the best ergonomic rating for the workers. For those purposes, authors used Virtual Prototyping techniques and OCRA Analysis for making the biomechanical risk assessment; time acquisition and video acquisition has been made to analyze the work cycle. DELMIA® software was used to model the workstation and for modelling activities and postures associated with various repetitive actions; pictures taken by cameras have been processed through the KINOVEA® software and simulations have been made for the own worker percentile. An ergonomic/comfort driven redesign of the work-cycle has been suggested in order to optimize the work cycle in terms of risk minimization. The application has been made on the typical working day of an Italian dentist.

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Energy and water availability are the most important factors for developing agriculture activities in arid and remote areas. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using hybrid renewable energy systems to drive a reverse osmosis water desalination unit used for a greenhouse protected hydroponics cultivation in arid remote site located outside El-Tor city, South Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. The present study describes the installed PV water desalination system for driving water for a small green house hydroponics cultivation. For optimization purposes, the study presents a theoretical economic analysis of two hybrid systems; Photovoltaic/wind turbine (PV/WT) with and without backup diesel generator. In both cases the cost of wind turbine is considered actual and international cost (0.7 of PV cost). Both the photovoltaic and wind turbine each of 1 kW rated power with required electrical devices and storage batteries. HOMER software is used to simulate and analyze the system performance over 15 years lifetime based on the Net Present Cost (NPC) and the Cost of Energy (COE). Also, the capacity shortage is used as an evaluation criterion. The results showed that COE of PV/WT system is less than that of PV/WT/Diesel, while there is no capacity shortage in case of PV/WT/Diesel.

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Biometric traits never change in lifetime and probably reliable. There is various biometric traits lies in human body such as fingerprint, palm print, iris etc. Among them fingerprint traits are very common even it didn’t matched for identical twins also. The verification of fingerprint is very smart in biometric but the real burden starts while creating unnatural finger (fake biometric) prints may be classified into fake or altered. The Biometrics devices should find out the acquiring finger print is natural or altered. But unlike the issue of fingerprint alteration, the use of fake fingerprints has received lot of attention in the literature. In this paper the proposal will give solutions for altered fingerprint, which is the real finger print altered manually. The experimental sessions shows that the proposed method gave good results and works effectively than the existing methods.

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Everyone in this world likes to make life easy. Research is being carried out in producing eco-friendly and user-friendly sophisticated vehicles. Eco-friendly vehicles will reduce pollution. Gasoline vehicles, Electric motor vehicles, Hybrid vehicles, solar vehicles and fuel cell vehicles are some examples of eco-friendly vehicles. User-friendly sophisticated vehicles are those that aim at improving the vehicle standard by providing luxury features like Auto transmission, Auto brakes, Auto clutch, Clutch lock, Power window, remote start, Climate sensor, Global positioning system, Drive by wire and many more. A new theme of Driverless riding has fascinated researchers that many concepts are being tried out for the same. At present Driverless vehicles designed by some leading companies, have the problem that the entire road has to be fitted with sensors. This requires very high investment and takes a long time for implementation. In our proposal, we attempt a mechanism of Artificial Driver Agent (ADA) for vehicle that can use the existing roads without any modification and cost effective.

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Abstract:

Field detection and extraction are the first task in the object recognition in soccer robot. In this paper we propose a novel method of background detection. It based on color appearance. In this method, we assume that the background has a dominant color in a frame. First, we calculate the sum of RGB intensity (we called as s-RGB) in each pixel. Then we group s-RGB in 16 bins to form a histogram of s-RGB. Second, we obtain a modus of s-RGB. This modus is used to determine the interest bin. Third, from this interest bin, we create histogram of R, G and B intensity, then we calculate modus of R, G and B intensity. These intensities are supposed to be the background color. Applying a threshold, we can extract foreground. For image size of 640×480 pixels, the computation time is 97.29 ms, suitable for real time application.

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Defective product is an undesirable quality product deviation in production process. Defective product is one of main problems in industry. A casting process of motor cycle cylinder component has defective product problems at 4.47% rate. This research aims to reduce the problems with determined target at 3.6%. Plan Do Check Action (PDCA) methods with seven tools as quality assistance instrument is used to analyze the problem and to develop corrective action. The analysis indicated that causes of the problem are undercut and porous on cylinder component. The corrective action related with material, machine and inspection were taken. The result of the corrective action shows a defective product rate at 3.17%. The preventive action was performed to diminish the potential causes of incompatible product for preventing recurrence in the future.

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Energy saving in building technology is among the most critical problems in the world. Thus it is a need to develop sustainable alternative to conventional concrete utilizing more environmental friendly materials. One of the possibilities to work out is the massive usage of geo polymer concrete to turn them to useful environmental friendly and technologically advantages cementitious materials. In the present study metakaolin and Ground Granulated Blast furnace slag (GGBS) is used to produce geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete is prepared by using alkaline solution of sodium silicate mixed with sodium hydroxide in the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide is 2.5 and the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 10M is considered in this experimental investigation. The geo polymer concrete specimens with different proportions of Metakaolin and GGBS were cast and tested for compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength for 3, 7 and 28 days and cured at ambient temperature.

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Forming spiral steel pipes with roll bending is metal forming process which sheet metal become tube, cylinder and others. To get certain curvature radius and efficient phase roll bending is hence needed by a good planning and as accurately as in order to got the product which with quality. Roll bending planning that is roll diameter 164 mm, two roll of under diameter 150 mm of second roll distance of under 203 mm, and upright 159 mm hence can be searched of curvature with decrease upper roll ?h. To get certain curvature radius, used the formula relation its is roll for with curvature radius that happened. The formula result for the curvature radius equal to 2,585.,5 mm needed of step roll bending 4 times, that is decrease upper roll ?hin mm respectively is 15; 30; 45 and 70.Bending radius in mm is 12,366.69 ; 6,099.59; 4,045.5; and 2,585.5. Bending force in kg respectively is 1,831.58; 6,836.27; 17,400.58; and 41, 890., 87. From four times of roll bending process, the bending power is 2013, 64 kW.

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In software development lifecycle, team formation is playing an indispensable role in developing software application. Standard and ad-hoc principles are available for team formations. Newly adopted key factors are incorporated nowadays for the optimal group selection or team formation. Past records, innovative ideologies and relevant experiences in the field brings real intuition of a person which is essential to form a good team to achieve the ultimate goal of a project or a task set completion. In this article a systematic investigation on team formation is carried out to identify the current region of interest by tapping the unfilled gaps in the team formation agenda and to understand the effects of teams in product development scenarios. A Selective Search (SS) mechanism is adopted to collect 100 papers for survey. A systematic investigation on teams is carried out using cohort study and regression approaches for a tournament based analysis. The validation of the model is done using test and measures from statistical themes. The intuitive inference that is obtained from the analysis is that, team formation has made an exhaustive effort on qualitative modeling but a subtle contribution towards quantitative model development. Also the concept of optimizing the quantified parameters adhering to teams using traditional or non-traditional optimization techniques is discussed only on a narrow lane. It is concluded that the current hot spots for effective team formation lies in the design of an optimized quantitative model. It also infers from the analysis that there is an effective need for both the cohort study and regression mechanism to understand the missing region in team formation by setting up a theoretic framework and wrapping it up using a mathematical principle.

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We have implemented a telemetric monitoring system for agricultural pressure, considering the use of hydraulic dynamometer and the pressure on this when is working in open field, said pressure is enumerated, processed and interpreted for the user. This variable should be constantly monitored in order to have a good monitoring when evaluating the performance of tractor working in open field, for this we use two electronic cards, one for the acquisition and transmission of the signal obtained from the sensor, and the other electronic card is for the reception and storage of data in real-time using a software with graphical interface friendly to the user, this data are allowed in PC files that are then be used by the user. We use the Microprocessor Atmgea2560 for better performance in the Transmitter card, this card processes the signal and displays it on an LCD screen and after this the card send the data to the receiver device which is away for more than 100 meters from the tractor in working time. Another important part is the transmission of the data to be read and stored by the user in computer files, for this we use 2 devices XBee Pro Series 2 that allow us wireless communication between the Transmitter card and the computer program. We also performed Software that is able to analyze and calculate different characteristics in agricultural tractors in order to compare and analyze data to know that tractor model is higher in certain open field work in order to minimize costs and maximize efficiency.

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The presented study discusses repair structures, which are applied for restoration of load bearing capacity of sections of main pipelines having corrosion damage on surface of a tube. It is demonstrated that the most widely used in repair weld union can effectively decreases stresses in walls of tubes only in the case it is mounted without a gap. In order to increases efficiency of the repair structure it is proposed to place an elastic layer between a tube and a union, which can fill space and transfer a part of load from a tube to a sleeve. The material of elastic layer must be "soft" enough to tightly fill the gap between a tube and a union taking into account roughness of a tube's surface and have quite big modulus of elasticity, which allows transferring load from a tube to a union. The study contains analysis of influence of modulus of elasticity of the elastic layer's material on efficiency of the repair structure. It is demonstrated that in order to satisfy the conditions, mentioned above, the material must have modulus of elasticity in the range 1,000 MPa < ? < 3,000 MPa. Optimum conditions are met in the case of elastic layer made from polymer materials, such as low-pressure polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinylchloride.

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In this paper the square shaped antenna with dual L-shaped strips are added for alternative current path using substrate integrated wave guide (SIW) knowledge is presented. The proposed antenna has dimensions 50X50X1.6 mm3 is designed on FR4 substrate with loss tangent d=0.02 and dielectric constant of 4.4. An impedance bandwidth ranging from 8.3GHz to 10.5GHz is attained for the proposed antenna model which will cover the X-band and by using the two inverted L-strips at the excitation point of radiation patch the gain is enhanced. Prototyped antenna is tested on ZNB 20 vector network analyzer and observed the compared the results for validation.

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The paper provides the results of the research of the working process of gas engines running on lean fuel-air mixtures on a dual-fuel cycle with combined quantity and ratio torque control. The ways of the achievement of the maximum fuel efficiency were shown. The ways to reduce the level of harmful substances in exhaust gases using integrated oxidation-reduction systems of exhaust gases after treatment were presented.

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A recommender system is a type of system which performs filtering of information and produces useful inferences. In Indian classical music, a raga is a series of swaras (musical notes) in a particular order. Many musicians of Indian classical music follow the practice of transitioning from one raga to another while singing. The source raga and the destination ragas resulting from the transition have relationships with each other. In this research article, Carnatic music which is a form of Indian classical music, is taken as an application and a recommender system is proposed using methodologies related to Artificial Intelligence and other domains, like First Order Logic (FOL), gauging using distance measures and chi-square distribution in order to determine the destination ragas and their relationships with the source raga. Among the ragas which can be reached from a particular raga by raga-to-raga transition, the best-fit destination raga (s) are found out using distance measures. As an analysis of the gap between the source and destination ragas, one-way chi-square distribution is deployed. The hypothesis is tested for accuracy using confusion matrix. The application of this recommender system is to provide a list of all possible destination ragas reachable from an input source raga, thereby proving to be of great use to musicians, Music Information Retrieval (MIR) systems, automatic music creation software etc.

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Experimental study on swirl fluidized bed used 100 angle of blade inclination to dry lignite. This study utilized a sample of mass 600 gr with a variation of dry air temperature of 50, 45, and 40 0C, and variation of fluidization velocity of 2, 2.5, and 3 m/s, respectively. The effects of temperature and fluidization velocity difference in drying characteristic and moisture, which released from coal, thus received by dry air were investigated in this study. During the seven minutes of drying for a variation of temperature of 50, 45, and 40 0C, were able to decrease moisture content as much as 24.73, 23.6, and 21.32%, respectively. For a variation of fluidization velocity of 3, 2.5, and 2 m/s were able to decrease moisture content as much as 22.83, 21.23, and 14.63%, respectively. The amount of moisture which released from coal was not a significant difference with received by dry air.

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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) represent a group of multi-hop remote nodes that connect with each other without central control or recognized organization. The topology-changeable of these networks demands a new set of the strategy network routing protocols to be performing to supply efficient end-to-end communication. There are numerous of MANETs routing protocols offering different levels of performance metrics at various scenarios. In this paper, we compare three routing protocols in MANETs “Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Multi-Path Dynamic Addressing Routing (MDART)” to determine the perfect conditional protocol. This paper has been simulated and analysis of these routing protocols by network simulator version 2.35 and show how several of parameters that effect on the performance of network subsequently effected on packets transmitted led to lost packets between a source node and destination. The performance study of several performance metrics such as a Packet loss ratio, Avg Routing Overhead, Packet Delivery Ratio, Avg E2E Delay presents a DSR routing protocol gives better performance in some scenarios than DSDV and MDART.

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Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are unlimited by applications, but fortunately limited with area. FPGAs can be integrated to various fields like system-on-chip, communication, cryptography, signal and image processing etc. The main purpose of this research paper is to implement multiple cryptography techniques using Partial Reconfiguration (PR) on FPGA. Partial Reconfiguration is a process of changing an area in FPGA without altering the other applications. The data will be encrypted and decrypted in wireless between transceiver through ZigBee communication. To convey the information safely several cryptography methods a reused. DNA grouping mechanisms is a piece of both encryption and information concealing utilizing a few properties of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) groupings. It is highlighted that DNA groupings have many more intriguing properties which are used for concealing of information. Three DNA strategies used for data encryption and decryption are: Insertion, Complimentary Pair and the Substitution Strategy. In each strategy, a specific reference DNA sequence is chosen and the message M is encrypted and a fake DNA sequence S' is generated. S' is sent to the receiver and the beneficiary can recognize and decrypt the message M covered up in sequence S'. A, C, G, and T are the four nucleotides which are considered in DNA sequence to encrypt and decrypt the information. It is proposed to utilize DNA, Insertion and Substitution strategies which consume few resources. Resource Utilization is compared for several cryptography techniques.

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Road constructions could generate air pollutants that have a negative impact to health. This research examined the analysis of risks of Total Suspended Particulates at road construction areas, such as roadbed construction, rigid concrete casting, and joint cutting activities. The main purposes of this research are to measure the concentration of TSP in each aforementioned activity, to compare the measurement results with the air quality standard in Indonesia, and to analyze the risks of TSP exposure to the workers. The sampling method was undertaken according to SNI 19-7119.3-2005 and the risk characterization was done based on US-EPA method. Based on this research, all of TSP concentration in samples has exceeded the permissible limit (395.41-1200.15 µg/Nm3). However, from the risk characterization, it is found that the carcinogenic risks associated with Pb via inhalation and ingestion were still below the acceptable level (<1.0E-04) and the non-carcinogenic risks of Pb and Si were low (HQ<1.0).

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An objective of present work is an attempt to develop a low-cost swirling flow fluidized bed dryer that can lead to reduced drying time. In this study, a swirling fluidized bed dryer is designed and fabricated to increase the heat transfer rate between the air and the wheat particle. The swirl flow is generated by a swirl chamber which has an adjustable guide vane and tangential injection of air. The drying experiments are conducted at various air temperatures (36°C, 40°C and 50°C) and velocities (4.5 m/s, 6.2 m/s and 6.8 m/s) with respective vane angles of 25°, 45° and 65°. The performance of swirling fluidized bed dryer with different operating conditions are analyzed by considering the effect of inlet air temperature, inlet air velocities, initial moisture content and drying time. The results are shown that combination of 50° temperatures, 6.8 m/s velocity at65° blades angle in swirl chamber produces the best configuration for the common applications.

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In Turfgrass studies, Zoysiagrass is a very popular one which has impressive, dry soil tolerant and nutrient-efficient features among other Turfgrass. This study serves as a novel pilot study in Indonesia to determine the existence of Zoysiagrass in particular areas of the country. The study begins with a survey into several geomorphology zones such mountains, highlands, coastal and karst region and sea side. This stage concerns any possible Indonesian native Zoysiagrass considering morphological diversity as well as the quality, and its habitat. The study wa sthen followed by cultivation processes in containers within the Laboratory of Agriculture. Based on our analyses, it is found that Zoysia Japonica is specifically an Indonesian Native Zoysiagrass which existence were spread from high mountain of 1000 m above sea level to the beach with approximately 1 m above sea level. These are found on the north and south coast of Java and Bali islands. Finally, analyses on their characteristics are discussed in depth as well as its market potentials for future research direction.

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A high precision rotating disk apparatus (RDA) is designed and employed to investigate the turbulent drag reduction characterization induced by polymeric additives. For the past few decades, polymers have been used widely as drag reducer agents in a pipeline and RDA successfully due to its viscoelastic properties that can suppress the turbulent at high ranges of Reynolds number. In this study, drag reduction efficacy of diesel fuel in a rotating disk apparatus is investigated using high molecular weight polyisobutylene polymer as drag reducing agent. Dependence of drag reduction on different parameters such as: polymer concentration and rotational disk speed (RPM) are also investigated. In addition, the mechanical stability of this polymer with time was studied by measuring torque values for 300 sec at a fixed rotational speed (2000 rpm). It was observed that the drag reduction of diesel fuel increases with the rotational disk speed and polymer concentration till a critical concentration at which the maximum drag reduction achieved. The maximum DR obtained was about 19.197% at Re = 902062and PIB concentration of 150 ppm.

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In this paper, we present the privacy of the data protection during the transmission through a network based on stego analysis. The given text data is to be embedded on the image and audio should be encrypted. The data is divided into two parts and one part of data is stored in image and another part of data in the audio. The encryption of the data is done by Chaos Encryption method. Image watermarking is done by Adaptive Least Significant Bit Replacement method and audio watermarking is done by Singular Valued Decomposition method. Lifting wavelet transformation is applied to the host signal in order to decompose it and then obtain the coefficients.

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The main aim of the project is to improve the resolution of brain image via discrete wavelet based decomposition. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is better than the X-ray, CT scan and Ultra Scan to detect the location of tumor in human body. Because the resolution is high in MRI scan. Also various features can be recognized from MRI scan. Digital Image Processing (DIP) is performed to avoid the unwanted noise occur in the scanned images. In mathematical scrutiny and functional scrutiny, a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is a few wavelet transform for which the wavelets are distinctly sampled. Because with additional wavelet transforms, a key benefit it has over Fourier changes is temporal decision: it detains both location information in time and frequency. The discrete wavelet based decomposition is applied in the proposed technique for both normal and abnormal MRI scan brain images. Also seven features such as contrast, correlation, mean, standard deviation, entropy, energy and homogeneity are analyzed for both normal and abnormal images of all types of segmentation process. From the analysis, the computation time is very low and accuracy is high in discrete wavelet based decomposition for de-noising and resolution enhancement.

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Water pollution has been a major considering issue in recent years. Many technologies have been studied for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. The sorption of heavy metals has been emerged as a cost-effective and environment friendly technology. This study was conducted to assess the sorption capacity and removal efficiency of heavy metals at initial concentrations of 20 mg/l by iron mine tailing with different sodium silicate solution addition (0, 5, 10, and 15%). The results showed the proportionally increasing trend of sorption capacity and removal efficiency of Mn, Zn, Cd, and Pb to sodium silicate addition. Iron mine tailing without addition of sodium silicate demonstrated the highest removal efficiency of As. On the basis of modified material solubility, pHPZC, sorption capacity, removal efficiency, and cost effectiveness, the results of this study indicate that iron mine tailing added with 10% sodium silicate and dried at 4000C was the most potential materials for removal of heavy metals from solutions.

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In the right lane of motorways with trucks’ overtaking prohibition is very common the formation of platoons of heavy vehicles. Although this traffic control strategies can increase the capacity of passing lane, in the right lanemay occur increases of rear-end collisions. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the safety of the platooned heavy vehicles by means a closed-form stream model. The case study of the Italian motorway A22 was examined. The sampling of platoons was performed in four observation sections. In the research have been investigated platoons with 2÷20 heavy vehicles for each platoon. Many traffic parameters have been evaluated: frequencies of the number of platoons, minimum mean and maximum headways and speeds between heavy vehicles of each platoon, etc. We have found that the percentages of platoons whose vehicles travel with an average headway of less than 3 seconds are in the range 37.1%÷66.9%, depending on the motorway section. In addition, it was performed a comparative analysis between the minimum safety spaces “s” and the mean intra-vehicular distances “sa” of platooned heavy vehicles. The results show that the percentages of platoons whose vehicles travel, on average, in safety conditions (?s = s-sa >0) are in the range 32%÷43%, depending on the motorway section.

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Human activity recognition research is an active area in an early stage of development. We present two approaches to activity recognition based on symbolic representations of multivariate time series of joint locations in articulated skeletons. One approach uses pair wise alignment and nearest-neighbor classification, and the other uses spectrum kernels and SVMs as classifiers. We tested both approaches on three datasets derived from RGBD cameras (e.g., Microsoft Kinect) as well as ordinary video, and compared our results with those of other researchers.

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Signal estimation and its performance has always remained a challenge for wireless communication society. New techniques were developed for channel diversity and spectrum utilization. In this paper a new interference management with resource control is proposed, to achieve the objective of higher performance in MIMO system, using interference conditions. A generic approach for both coordinated and randomized multi-user access strategies for interference mitigation is proposed. The suggestive analytical framework develops the correlation of fading channel over the space-frequency domain and non-stationary features of the multi path interference to allocate resources for minimizing interference.

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In the present investigation, computational studies were made to obtain the influence of circular cavity on the performance of a mixed compression supersonic air-intake designed for Mach 2.2 with and without back pressure. Numerical simulation has been conducted with RANS solver by using k-w turbulence model. Starting characteristic of the intake is achieved by incorporation of a cavity of various radius on the second ramp at various locations. 12.2 % of increment in TPR is obtained with circular cavity of radius 1 mm at a location of X/L = 0.1468 on account of some increment in the FD with the cavity. Results obtained could be useful for further studies to improve the intake performance.

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It is very challenging to overcome the known limitations of the current wireless sensor networks in terms of throughput, delay, and jitter while being energy efficient, in order to support multimedia applications. Nonetheless, the LEMR-multichannel (Latency, Energy, MAC and Routing) protocol has recently been proposed as a solution to address these issues over multi-hops wireless sensor networks. LEMR-multichannel addresses the typical interference problems found in wireless networks and includes an energy-efficient new dynamic duty cycle multi-channel medium access mechanism and a coordination strategy that uses the different channels available in the single radio transceiver devices to enhance the throughput capability of the network. This article provides an analytical model to compute the most important performance metrics of the LEMR-multichannel protocol. The model is also validated through simulation experiments.

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Voltage stability improvement is an important issue in power system planning and operation. In this regard, this paper presents a comparison of FACTS devices for static voltage stability study. To achieve this, the performance of Shunt Capacitor, Static Var Compensator (SVC), and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) are compared under normal and contingency conditions. Result reveals that the correct position of STATCOM and SVC will increase voltage stability and power transfer capability. The paper provides a guide for utilities to have an appropriate choice of FACTS device for enhancing static voltage stability.

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This applicable research has successful selected enzyme Ctec2 from Novozyme (Denmark) which gave the best cellulose degradation activity compared to the other enzymes. At optimum conditions of 50oC, pH=5 and ratio between enzyme and substrate (E/S) being 0.40%, 0.45%, 0.50%, the time needed to substrate degrade was 60 hours. Based on this finding, a new cotton waste composting technology for cultivating oyster mushroom was developed. Mushroom productivities using the new technology had reached 62.3%, 65.1%, 59.8% respectively, over dry weight of the substrate. The application of this technology can help to reduce the substrate processing time from 06 days to 4.5 days and the fiber phase was finished 7-10 days earlier. The mushroom yield found 65.1% increase over the dry weight of the substrate and was 20% higher than using the natural fermentation method.

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The omnipresent nature of mobile devices gaggle canvassers (researchers) into investigating how these expedients can be exploited and assimilated into education methods. Particularly, ad-hoc networks have been gaining attractiveness for applications requiring rapid deployment. Investigators have exasperated to propose protocols that will develop the quality of service for ad-hoc networks in the inimical wireless milieus. A lot of applications, predominantly army applications, oblige great security considerations. Consequently, the significant challenging issue is to guard ad-hoc networks from security assaults. The key property in ad-hoc networks is usage of exposed wireless medium for communion. Resulting that intruder feels easy to inauguration attacks by injecting, altering, tampering the data items. Each device in the network works as router as well host it makes confusion to insert a firewall device. Considering about different network layer attacks in MANETS principally two attacks cause big damage to communication over ad- hoc network. Those are wormhole or collider attack and black hole attack. In this article we propose a new algorithm to detect black hole and wormhole attacks in MANET. And we evaluate the performance using NS-2.

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The effect of the acriflavine inhibitor and silicon dioxide nanoparticles on the corrosion of carbon steel in 0.25 M hydrochloric acid have been studied using the open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. It was observed that the corrosion inhibition effect on the steel electrode is enhanced in the presence of silica nanoparticles which form a protective layer on the electrode surface. The results showed that acriflavine inhibitor is a good inhibitor, which acts as a mixed-type inhibitor control for carbon steel, and the inhibition increases in the presence of silica nanoparticles. The images from SEM and EDS analyses indicate the formation of films on the surface electrode, while the AFM measurements confirmed that the average roughness value reduces which refers to the protection layer. The kinetic parameters for the corrosion process have been calculated and are discussed.

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The paper develops a data transfer mechanism for cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSN) with a view to ensure an increased throughput in a mobile environment. It formulates the theory on the principles of a HEED based methodology in a clustered framework. The philosophy orients to utilize the spectrum effectively through the guidelines of the cognitive radio technology and spring up with measures to improve the performance indices. It augurs to compress the data using Lempel-Ziv-Welsh algorithm (LZW) in an attempt to assuage a smaller bandwidth for the information to reach the destination. The steps encircle a process of aggregation to avoid the transmission of redundant data and further forge to minimize the bandwidth requirements. The NS2 simulation results measured in terms of indices exhibit the merits of the proposed approach over similar other routing methods that include LEACH and AODV and claim its suitability for use in the real world applications.

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Carbon steels are commonly used as structural materials of piping systems in oil and gas industry because of their lower cost and wider availability despite their relatively lower corrosion resistance. This work investigates the preferable growth media for Sulfate Reducing Bacteria to proliferate rapidly and the effect of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion activity towards carbon steel API 5L X-70 line pipe. Present research work highlighted that the preferred growth medium for ATCC 7757 and BARAM is Modified Baar’s and Postgate C for Sg. Ular types of SRB. In addition, the corrosion rate was calculated using data based on metal weight loss experiment. The result confirmed that the corrosion rate in biotic (presence of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria) environment is much higher compared to abiotic environment (absence of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria). The pitting morphology that developed with time due to SRB activity was characterized with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy dispersive spectroscopy. It shows high peak of Sulfur (S) and Iron (Fe) present after exposure to biotic compared to the abiotic sample. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy results show that corrosion activity due to Sulfate Reducing Bacteria will form biofilm and iron sulfide layer on the metal surface. Future research should emphasize using local strain bacteria rather than microorganisms from culture collection sample to represent the activity and the effect or impact of microorganisms from the actual site.

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Low power and high speed adders are the most essential components of every contemporary signal processing applications. Among the many adders, Carry Save Adder (CSA) is the high speed multi operand adder used in many applications. This paper presents the design of low power and high speed Carry Save Adder with reduced no. of transistors using Modified Gate Diffusion Input (MGDI) technique. This technique has been adopted from Gate Diffusion Input Technique (GDI) and is used achieve reduced power consumption, delay and area of digital circuits, while maintaining low complexity of logic design. This paper aims at designing of 4 operand 8 bit and 16 bit CSA using conventional CMOS, GDI and MGDI techniques. After various performance comparisons, it is stated that total power dissipation, propagation delay and transistor count are much smaller in MGDI technique than compared to CMOS and GDI technique.

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Wastes from the sugarcane industry impact water steams and aquatic life. This is especially worrying for sugarcane companies using backward technology and un-integrated processes, which lead to large losses in both materials and water. In this context, Material Flow Analysis (MFA) can help to reduce waste and improve material resource management. Rather than adding end of pipe pollution control technology, changing to cleaner production processes lead to more sustainable solutions improving both the economy and the environment. To this end, the material flows of Hoa Binh sugarcane company (Hoasuco), 1250 ton of cane per day, were analyzed. Results show that the sugar loss was 17.1%; of which the loss in solid flows from extraction, filtration and crystallization accounted for 10.62%; and the remaining 6.48% is lost in steam release from evaporation and crystallization. Clarification is the most inefficient step, with sugar losses approximately 8.87 times greater than the benchmark. Analysis of water flows found high inefficiencies compared other plants cited in the literature. Based on the findings, proposed options for cleaner production were: pipe system replacement, improvement in the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant to increase the partition of water reuse flow and installation of online monitoring equipment for wastewater. Bagasse, which accounted for 80% of total solid waste, was utilized effectively for the boiler. Solutions are needed for other solid waste flows such as ash, filter muds and molasses from production process and sludge from wastewater treatment system.

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The finite element nonlinear limit analysis compares the four cross sections to include the effect of ovality and thinning on collapse load of pipe bends when subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane bending moments with and without internal pressure. The assumed cross sections namely elliptic and semi-oval and the actual cross sections are compared with circular cross sections. A new methodology is proposed to use actual cross section in the finite element analyses. The comparison reveals that the actual cross section produces a positive effect of increasing the collapse load for lower bend radii and the assumed cross sections produces minimal effect and hence circular cross section may be assumed. For the highest bend radius, actual cross section is preferable as the percent difference is higher than other cross sections for low pressures. In all the pipe bend models and loading, when the pressure is high, the effect of ovality is very less and hence circular cross section may be assumed.

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In this paper, we focus on efficient cellular transmission in Software Defined Radio (SDR) using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). SDR is an emerging technology for the radio communication system where some or all the physical layer functions are software defined. In this work, the QAM modulation is enhanced by using Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) Equalizer. Subsequently, the Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) in the OFDM system leading to frequency offset is overcome by Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) technique. Then the water filling algorithm is developed to improve the capacity of the SDR-OFDM network.

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The performance of the well-known Langley plot technique, used for the calibration of ground-based sunphotometers, has been investigated at three observatory sites of different altitudes. All solar measurements were collected using a portable LED-type sunphotometer programmed to a constant measurement protocol to allow direct comparison between different days and sites. Our results show that evaluation on the correlation R-value and slope AOD-value alone is not robust enough to guarantee a good Langley plot. Statistical analysis on global, diffuse and direct component also fails to select a perfect Langley plot within a pool of data available. Instead, examination on the evolution of diffuse component and direct component against global component actually provides a good representation of the performance of Langley plot. Diurnal evolution of diffuse component and direct component was found closely matching to the global component in a similar increasing trend. Our results also highlighted two important effects that greatly govern the performance of Langley plot, which are saturation effect and parabolic effect. Saturation effect occurs for the state when little to no more signal increase can be legibly reflected on Langley plot. It is dominant in low air mass region where the change of air mass is relatively too small for the increase in signal detected by the sunphotometer. Parabolic effect is preceding effect of signal saturation and becomes severely erroneous when high air masses are included in Langley plot.

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technique for achieving high data bit transmission but high Peak to Average Power Ratio at the transmitting end. The proposed algorithm combines the Space Frequency Block coding and Partial Transmit Sequence to reduce the PAPR to a minimum rate. Quadrature Amplitude modulation such as 256, 128, and 64 used to reduce PAPR. The proposed system supports multiple users as well as reduces the problem of PAPR at the maximum extent. Interleaving reduces the consumption of higher bandwidth and pre-coder avoids loss of data due to overlapping of signals. The proposed techniques proves higher spectrum efficiency, constant signal power for each of the users and better PAPR reduction are achieved by comparing with the existing systems such as SLM and PTS.

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This paper aims at providing a brief experimental study and the behavior of the bi-axially loaded reinforced concrete slender column with different percentages of longitudinal reinforcement ratio with biaxial loading and studies were carried out on the mechanical properties of concrete and to investigate the parameters for the reinforced concrete slender column. By the witnessing, the displacement happens at the centre of the column and to spotting out the location of the cracks and type of the crack occurred over the surface of the column. Totally four columns were tested with dimensions 2200x150x150 mm for testing of the bi-axially loaded column with eccentricities like 150mm and 300mm. All columns were tested under constant axially and bi-axially loaded conditions. In this paper, experimental results are presented and global behavior of tested columns is discussed, particularly focused on the deflection, stiffness and ultimate loads because of the increasing the eccentricity.

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Currently, for many construction industries promising becomes the creation of waterproofing materials on the basis of integrated management natural oily raw material, as well as improvement of traditional bituminous materials with polymeric and surface-active additives (SAA). Choice of material depends on the working conditions of a hydraulic installation, categories of reliability construction, its structures, the availability of local building materials, method of work and of technical and economic indices of construction.

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In this paper an algorithm which derives the location of nodes based on the connectivity information i.e. which nodes are in communication range of the server node is proposed. Based on the information about known location of certain anchor nodes the distance between neighbor nodes is calculated. This paper uses only the connectivity information without any additional information such as sensing range or distance between nodes. The connectivity information updated for every finite duration (in this work 15 ms is chosen). Clustering / grouping of similar nodes can be achieved based on the region of coverage.

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Network Security issues and threats are getting more and more matured and hence the countermeasures have to be geared up to address the ever-growing number of potential attacks. Honeypots are widely employed to detection and collection of Malware. Conventional software honeypots are not capable of handling the gigabit level traffic in today’s network server backbones. This has evoked interest in FPGA based Honeypot for Malware Collection which can cope with speed and security challenges. Honeypots are network security devices designed to emulate real machines and work by fooling the attacker into believing that it is a legitimate system with vulnerabilities. The main issue when designing a hardware honeypot is the implementation of Transmission Control Protocol. Conventional TCP approach is not easy because being stateful protocol, it consumes much hardware resources. Hence the current work in this area is limited to the implementation of UDP as a transport layer protocol and no works have attempted stateful TCP in hardware. Some works consists of stateless TCP by compromising reliability. Here in this work, an emulation of TCP based SMTP server is implemented in which both stateful and stateless implementations of TCP are implemented in transport layer separately and a comparison of resource utilization is done.

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In the contemporary mechanical engineering, we often face the problem of classification of processed parts according to the different criteria. In this research, we used hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) to form the groups of six grades of tool steels according to flat grinding machinability by wheel 5NQ46I6VS3 (Norton Vitrium). The topography of parts was estimated according to ten parameters of roughness, measured in two orthogonal directions coinciding with the vectors of transverse and longitudinal traverses. It was revealed that for the classification three clusters should be assigned, they include: 1 - W18, W6Mo5, W9Co5, W9Mo4Co8; 2 - W12V3Co10Mo3; 3 - Cr12. Clusters are put into a sequence of the deterioration of the topography of ground surface and, first, for flatness deviation and a decrease of its micro-hardness.

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This paper presents a differential fed monopole antenna with Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) configuration. Two models are proposed for wide band communication systems with defected ground structure on the other side of the substrate. The basic model and the proposed modified model are showing excellent radiation characteristics in the wide operating band. The simulation results are carried with commercial electromagnetic tool HFSS and the antenna parameters are analyzed a presented in this work. The proposed antenna is prototyped on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and the measured results on network analyser are compared with simulation results for validation. The polarization purity when compared with base model; the proposed model is showing better results especially at high frequency bands.

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Rose flower is symbol of love that has plenty of benefits. It can be used for preventing and treating various diseases. Rose is known to contain anthocyanin pigments in which a glycone compound is bonded to aglycone as its anthocyanidine. Anthocyanins of Batu local rose were characterized as cyanidin and malvidin-glycosides. This study aimed to identify the type of glycone contained in the crown of roses using LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) analysis. Research was conducted by observing changes in the content of anthocyanin pigment of roses stored for few days and by identifying the type of glycone contained in the crown of roses. Selected local roses from Punten, District of Sidomulyo, Batu City, Indonesia were used to improve the usability of these widely cultivated roses. Anthocyanin pigment isolates were obtained from C18 column chromatographic fractionation (Shepadex G25 as stationary phase, Shimadzu). Prior to isolation, anthocyanin pigments were extracted using aquadest and lactic acid (with ethanol, HCl, BAA, and BuOH-HCl as developer materials), then were analyzed using a TLC plate. LC-MS analyses in molecular weights indicated that the crown of roses contained six types of glycone namely maltose (180), glucose (162), rhamnose (146), acids coumaril (146), xylose (132), and rutinose (308) m/z.

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The upper asphaltene precipitation envelope is obtained from a developed model with artificial neural networks called "Neuross-Asph". This was achieved by training with 58 samples collected from different literature sources and analysing the information before being introduced into the network. The model was constructed in three stages: the first one consisted of grouping the data according to asphaltene onset pressure and saturation pressure ratio (AOP/Pb) using a self-organizing maps (SOM) network. In the second, a sub categorization of information was made; this was based on the chemical composition and SARA analysis using SOM networks. The last stage was designed with a feed-forward network of back propagation to predict the onset pressures by means of the association with saturation pressure. The main advantage of the proposed model is to predict the asphaltene onset pressure (AOP), requiring little and easily accessible data as input parameters. In reviewing the data output satisfactory results were obtained from the developed tool since it is considered that the model possesses a good design, since it identified the relationships that have more influence on the precipitation of asphaltenes.

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With the inter connection of the power system, the complexity increases day by day. The increasing of the load also favors to the complexity of power system. The complexity of the power system can easily handled by analyzing the performance of the transmission system by using load flows. The real and reactive power losses are largely effected at the transmission level. With the advancement in power electronics the advanced compensation devices are improved which are called FACTS. The improvement of voltage profile effects on the reactive power losses of the transmission system. With the series compensation to the system the reactive power losses are reduced by maintaining the voltage profile within the constraints. Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is used in firing angel mode to maintain the voltage profile with in constraints. In this paper a new method called optimization is proposed to select the suitable location of TCSC, firing angle of TCSC and size of the TCSC are determined by different optimizing techniques to the same Objective function. This paper proposes the heuristic Algorithms such as Genetic algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization and Dragonfly algorithm method for selection of the suitable branch, suitable firing angle of the thyristor in TCSC and size of the TCSC.

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Integration of Distributed Energy Sources (DESs) with traditional grid besides having many technical advantages, poses technical challenges to power engineers. Bidirectional power flow, dynamic fault currents are the few challenges. The relay settings need to be made adaptive to dynamic fault current levels of power system with DESs. Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) can effectively be deployed to ensure the adaptive operation of relays. The state of operation of distributed energy sources are essential information to be communicated to IEDs to make relaying adaptive. The information and communication technology (ICT) plays a major role in acquiring and communicating the data pertaining to the operating conditions of DES s. This paper proposes a ZigBee based method to transmit the current or voltage values measured at various sections of power system wirelessly. The processor deployed in the control centre receives and process the received data. The suitable command for tripping of circuit breaker in case of any abnormal conditions may be triggered by the processor.

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Dustfall (DF) and Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) are often used to characterize air quality near the source of the dust. These two important parameters that contribute to air quality deterioration are required to be measured in accordance with government regulation of the Republic of Indonesia (PP41/1999). The purposes of the study were to (1) measure the concentration of DF and TSP generated from Andisol soil, (2) determine the emission factors that were affected by wind speed, soil moisture content, land cover percentage, and (3) analyse distribution of DF size. The study was conducted in a laboratory scale tunnel where the surface was covered by Andisol soil originated from Tanggamus Municipality in Lampung Province. DF was determined by the gravimetric method (SNI 13-4703-1998) and the samples were collected with DF Canister. Measurement of TSP concentration in ambient air was carried out based on SNI 19-7119.3-2005 method and the instrument was High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS). Analysis of the size distribution of the dustfall was carried out by direct observation using a digital microscope. Based on the research results, concentration of DF and TSP generation was lower than the quality standard limit of PP 41/1999 and was positively correlated with wind speed, negatively correlated with soil moisture content and the percentage of land cover. Emission factor of DF and TSP generated by Andisol soil was affected by wind speed and soil moisture content. Dustfall size was dominated by fraction of 10-100 µm.

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Facial electromyography is a modality for designing emotion recognition system which is gaining popularity as a human machine interface to control the devices. In this research, we analyse the Facial Electromyography (FEMG) signals for the six emotions namely anger, disgust, fear, happy, neutral and sad using the multirate features. Multirate signal processing is a technique which alters the rate of the discrete-time signals, either by adding or deleting a portion of the signal samples. The advantages of such multirate features are that it increases the processing efficiency and reduces DSP hardware requirements. Twenty subjects took part in this experimental study. Three multirate features are used to derive the significant features. Six emotions were identified by applying the multirate features as input to neural network models. Two network models namely Cascade Network and Fitting Network were used and compared to identify an efficient network for emotion identification. The performance of the networks identified the six emotions in the range of 78.56% to 98.72%.

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Surface Electromyographic signals (sEMG) have emerged as a normal gadget for rehabilitation functions, medical analysis, and likewise as a source for manipulate of prosthetic and assistive instruments. It can be determined that EMG alerts showcase certain patterns for specified hobbies of the muscle. The right recognizance of the sample helps in greater manipulate of assistive gadgets for helping movement. This paper offers the growth of a neural networks classifier for classifying the one-of-a-variety hand moves of human forearm. Experiments are performed on the extensor digitorum and flexor digitorum superficial muscle of the right hand. Ten subjects are asked to participate in voluntary contractions with admire to the concerned muscle. From the obtained sEMG data, six parametric feature extraction techniques are used as function extracted and cascade forward back propagation neural network (CFBPNN), pattern recognizance network are utilized to gestures identifications. The classifier is learned to discriminate the patterns with an average classification accuracy of 95.13% for pattern recognizance network using auto regressive burg. The offline results showed that bit transfer rate (BTR) achieved highest value of 37.71 bit/min.

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Spectrum decision selects the proper spectrum bands in order that a new cognitive radio (CR) user can transmit. This paper presents the development and results achieved in a CR technology research, specifically in the spectrum decision stage, where is selected the band(s) most appropriate for transmission, based on the information gathered during the sensing spectrum stage and the requirements of non-licensed users, so that a decision model was applied through multi-criteria selection techniques. Within this were made thirteen measurements at three places in Bogota for a total of thirteen days. With the results was designed a decision model that integrates the propagation losses in the GSM (global system for mobile communications) band in some places of Bogota, Colombia.

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Understanding Rock Fracture mechanism is essential in civil engineering applications. Failure due to shear strength is considered the main cause for rock failure. This study was conducted to evaluate shear strength of rock (Sandstone) specimens with different notch inclinations (10º, 20º, 30º, 35º and 40º) under pure shear testing. Finite Element simulations were used to determine stresses in tested Sandstone specimens with different notch angles. Results of the simulations were utilized in Mohr envelope form of power law (n-type) to investigate shear failure mechanism in rock and prediction of crack propagation pattern. It was found that the stress state in term of t-s curve from Finite Element simulation results and the Mohr-type envelope could explain the failure mechanism in Sandstone and the crack propagation pattern in tested specimens with relation to different notches inclination degrees. Furthermore, it was found that the tensile strength of Sandstone was needed to have a better control to the right end of the Mohr-type envelopes, which could be used to analyze and understand more about the mechanism of the steady and curving crack propagation of the sandstone specimen with big d/H ration.

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Recent studies have shown that the addition of selected antioxidants into mineral oils or natural ester insulation (NEI) oils have improves the AC breakdown voltage (BdV), viscosity, flash point and fire point of these oils. The results of previous studies show that the addition of propyl gallate (PG) and citric acid (CA) antioxidants increases the AC BdV of NEI oils. However, previous researchers have implemented one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method as their experimental design approach and they overlooked the possibility through combination of antioxidants at optimum ratios that will yield a better result. In addition, a large number of test runs are required to investigate the effect of these antioxidant mixtures on the performance of insulation oils. Hence, in this study, two-level (2k) factorial design of experiments is used to determine the optimum concentration of PG and CA which will maximize the AC BdV of NEI oil. The results show that the optimum concentration of PG and CA that yields the highest AC BdV of NEI oils is 0.05 and 0.25 wt.%, respectively. A regression model is also developed to predict the AC BdV of NEI oils as a function of PG and CA concentrations.

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This paper presents a novel technique for recognizing the gestures as well as symbols made by hand via human-computer interaction. The main objective is to explore the power of image processing techniques of MATLAB to recognize the gestures made by a human hand. The image of the gesture of hand is captured and processes through stages like image processing, gesture extraction and identification. The first stage extracts the image of hand and separates it from the background. In the next step, the gesture is processed and other noises are filtered and in the third step the gesture is matched with the set of data which is predefined and stored in the database. After the hand gestures are processed and recognized using various techniques and functions, the command that the gesture represents is send to the Arduino based bot which moves accordingly. In addition to the left, right, move and stop commands, the Arduino bot is capable of recognizing the obstacles that comes in the way or come very near to the bot. If the obstacle is detected, the Arduino bot stops moving even if the command is given to it in order to avoid accidents.

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Significance of properties of spreading codes in the performance of CDMA-based systems cannot be overemphasized. This paper investigates correlation properties and multiple-access performance of some m-sequences and Gold codes. The Gold codes were generated from appropriate combinations of preferred pairs of m-sequences, obtained from software implementation of linear feedback shift registers. The correlation properties of the codes were tested prior to their deployment in a multi-user spread-spectrum communication system. Software simulations were carried out on the system bit-error-rate performance for transmission of random QPSK symbols through the channel. Transmitted data were encoded using 31, 127, 511 and 2048-chip Gold codes. The system bit-error-rate was computed and analyzed for increasing number of interfering users. Simulation results show that under increasing load, bit-error-rate of the Gold codes exhibited no error floor or significant system saturation. The results show that certain Gold codes have better properties that make them excellent for multiple access applications.

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In this paper an effort is made through experimental study to investigate the tensile demeanor and fatigue properties of Hybrid and compound materials such as perlon, E-glass fibers, and Carbon fibers with epoxy resin, by variation of thickness according to lamination. The outcome shows that changing the sort of reinforcement layers of material give a huge influence upon measured properties. (Epoxy + Carbon reinforcement) compounds yield maximum experimental outcomes, whichever make them the good candidate to become better the tensile and fatigue features of for Orthotic/Prosthetic. When the numbers of perlon layers are increased at 11 stratums, the mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity E) are clearly improved 44% but the tensile strength decreased 22%. Material properties (tensile and fatigue) results when a stratum of material is added. Carbon fiber is strongest than fiberglass matter are improved with fixing layers of perlon for all classes of laminates 15% for (5perlon4carbon fiber5perlon), reinforcement sort has a apparent influence upon their fatigue resistance Carbon reinforcement gave the highest fatigue limit 58% as compared with 11 perlon layers only and with (5perlon4glassfiber5perlon) 29% appropriate to the maximum Young's modulus (E). The endurance limit stresses are decreased to 27% with the increasing of number of perlon laminations.

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Security in multicast routing is one of a key challenge area in mesh networks because of its broadcasting and dynamic nature. Several multicast routing protocols have been proposed by different researchers but leads to certain parametric issues (i.e. packet delivery ratio, throughput and various security concerns) because of unique characteristics of mesh. The aim of this manuscript is to propose a secure multicast routing protocol for Wireless Mesh Network based on link state quality to identify and recover from routing attacks. The proposed mechanism ensure the security against grey hole attack which would be identified by calculating the packet delivery percentage of each node where the node having less packet delivery percentage than predefined threshold value (i.e. 95%) is considered as grey hole affected node. Further, to recover against grey hole attack, a 2-hop preceding node phenomenon is used which immediately select another path to re-route the data packets. The proposed routing mechanism is analyzed over NS2 simulator beside different network metrics over static and dynamic environments having scalable network sizes.

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Image thresholding is most important in image processing for unfolding foreground objects. In recent years, many thresholding methods have been proposed. However, identifying the weld defects on weld X-radiography images is a challenging task in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods. Generally radiography images are in low contrast and lack of details. It is very difficult to extract the weld defects that are present. The main goal on this paper is to give comparative discussion on different threshold-based segmentation methods through performance measures. The thresholding techniques applied on various weld X-radiography images and their performance have been evaluated by non-uniformity (NU), misclassification error (ME) and relative foreground area error (RAE) measures. This performance analysis is supportive for an appropriate use of existing thresholding techniques on weld X-radiography image segmentation.

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Chemical transformations typically occur according to multiphase schemes. Changes in the concentrations of the starting materials and intermediates with time are not always described with increasing or decreasing functions. A detailed study of a complex process kinetics showed that at the presence of feedback far from equilibrium there may occur vibrational modes - periodic increase or decrease in the concentration of one of the components in time. In a numerical study of oscillating reactions there appears a problem in solving a rigid system of typical differential equations. The purpose of this study is to develop an algorithm and a program to solve the direct kinetic problem and to investigate multicomponent chemical systems with complex nonlinear dynamics.

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The Bili-bili multi purpose dam was commenced since 1992 and completed in 1999. The location of Bili-bili dam is at south east of Makassar city, about 31 km from the river mouth of Jeneberang River and about 1.6 km of the confluence of the Jeneberang and the Jenelata rivers. This project comprised Sabo dams in upstream reaches from Bili-Bili reservoir, and 5 (five) units, sand pocket of which serves as a sediment control structure and sand mining location. On March 26, 2004, the gigantic collapse of the Sorongan ridge (caldera of mount Bawakaraeng), which is the headwaters of Jeneberang river. This experimental study of flow behavior at sand pocket shown that even the velocity of the flow not too high the hydraulic jump caused the very deep of scouring, as the hydraulic jump not occur in the stilling basin, but in the downstream of the sand pocket , at the apron. To prevent the very deep scouring, at the downstream, the level of the apron must be constructed lower , and the rip rap construction must be implemented.

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In the past one decade linked open data plays an inevitable role in the research arena. Mobility plays a vital role with human fast communication. Location identifiers are an important factor that is incorporated in smart phones. Images and histories are also a part of the same. Now in this paper the proposed methodology is to include the weather condition in that particular location through the well renowned classification methodologies that produces lots of information to the customers for arranging their convenience. Metadata set has been taken from the portal www.indiawaterportal.org; and there it is possible to take 100 years average data for 29 districts in tamilnadu. For these work 348 records taken and the sample dataset is depicted for example. Ontology, semantic and taxonomy were implied in the same dataset.

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Outdoor Images captured under inclement weather conditions are degraded by various atmospheric particles, which vary in size and concentration. To restore the visibility of the degraded images, various state-of-the-art algorithms were developed for the past decade. In this paper, an overview of various research works carried over the past decade related to static weather conditions like Haze, fog and dynamic weather conditions like rain are investigated. Also, the merits and demerits of each algorithm along with the challenges in this area are focused.

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This paper reviews home automation using Bluetooth. Home automation becomes very popular among researcher. Past two decades researchers are working with home automation. Home automation using wireless device becomes popular. Several wireless devices are available like Bluetooth, Zigbee and GSM. Researchers are targeting Bluetooth based home automation because of its cost. Many mobile phones have an in build Bluetooth. This paper discussed about various techniques involved to control the home appliances, controller used and number of devices controlled.

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Internet contains huge amount of information, getting the desired page at the top of search results is always a challenging task, as the expectation varies from one users to other users. Each user performs the search expecting certain categories of pages like research, definition, downloads etc., at the top of the search result but users doesn’t always provided their desired category during the search. In this paper we present a novel technique where the category of pages that need to be given more priority while calculating the Page Rank, can be judged using the geographical location from where the search is initiated. The Category preference for that geographic location is gradually developed based on the various searches performed by different user from that location. This Category preference is added as one of the factor while calculating the Page Rank.

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In this paper a new Gradient Descent based Genetic Algorithm (GDGA) is proposed and used to solve benchmark Nonlinear Least Squares (NLS) problems. GDGA uses theoretically calculated gradient to perform a gradient descent around the best solution found by the Genetic Algorithm (GA). This approach employs the GA to escape from local minima and estimate a solution in the neighborhood of the global minima. Once an approximation to the global minimum is found, gradient descent is done with the solution found by the GA as the starting point. Stochastic search algorithms like GA can easily compute a solution in the vicinity of the global minimum but take a long time to converge to the exact minimum due to the random nature of the search. Thus GDGA synergistically combines the advantages of deterministic local search and heuristic random global search to computes an accurate solution efficiently. Simulation results indicate that GDGA performs well on benchmark NLS problems.

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An efficient image compression technique using singular value decomposition (SVD) based classified vector quantization (CVQ) and Discrete Sine Transform (DST) for the efficient representation of still images was presented. The proposed method combines the properties of SVD, CVQ, and DST; while avoiding some of their limitations. A simple but efficient classifier based gradient method in the spatial domain, which employs only one threshold to determine the class of the input image block into one of finite number of classes, and uses three AC coefficients of the DST coefficients to determine the orientation of the block without employing any threshold that results in a good image quality was utilized. The proposed technique was benchmarked with the conventional approach based VQ, existing methods using CVQ; and JPEG-2000 image compression techniques. Simulation results indicated that the proposed approach alleviates edge degradation and can reconstruct good visual quality images with higher Peak Signal-to Noise-Ratio (PSNR) than the benchmarked techniques.

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In computer vision, object recognition is a technology which able to ease human activity to identify object obtained from digital image. In this research, the identified object is car, and the recognition method is using arrangement of 2 dimensional basic geometric shape that correspond to the simplification of car image. There are some processes that must be performed, such as: pre-processing, image segmentation, object (car parts) extraction, confidence rate measurement, balance point measurement, outline masking, feature and pattern matching. There are three components that detected as main car parts: body, windows and tires, and there is also car shadow as complementary component which help the detection of main component. The result shows we are successfully recognize 95% of car image samples.

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As an object of research we take the all-terrain vehicle on low pressure tires with a diesel engine. The purpose of the work is to determine the dependence of the vehicle's fuel consumption from basic design parameters of the engine, transmission, wheel and parameters of the snow. The paper describes a wheel-snow interaction model, describing the distribution of normal pressures, having the cosine law throughout the area of the tire contact, as well as records of changes in physical and mechanical properties of the snow during its deformation and destruction by the front wheels and repeated deformation by the rear wheels. We considered the structure of the resistance forces when moving on snow and determined the equity values of the main components. The most rational design parameters of the vehicle were obtained using methods of multivariate analysis. The paper shows the measuring equipment used forfield tests, including determining of the vehicle position and speed and the fuel consumption measuring. The paper provides the results of comparison between theoretical and experimental data. It has conclusions and recommendations how to reduce fuel consumption when driving on snow.

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